THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF SEXUAL ASSAULT

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THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF SEXUAL ASSAULT

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• Wang Chang-hwai
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1.Public Health Analogues

• Feminist rape crisis centers
• environmental action seek economic and political
  power for women

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1.Public Health Analogues

• new community resources
• Take Back the Night matches, school-based rape
  education programs

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1.Public Health Analogues

• Feminist social support networks
• citizen inoculation activities

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1.Public Health Analogues

• Inculcate knowledge, skills, attitudes, and
  values incompatible with rape
• cultivate self-defense competence among those risk

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1.Public Health Analogues

• Challenges sex role stereotypes
• two sexes differential degrees of latitude and
  responsibility in sexual encounters

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1.Public Health Analogues

• Disseminate accurate risk information
• offer self-defense
• assertion training to those at risk

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1.1 Limits of the Public Health Analogy

• Reduced incidence
• the same movement that fosters rape prevention
  also encourages increased reporting

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1.2 Population(s) at risk

• The data suggest that virtually all women and
  girls, and indeed a good number of boys, are at
  risk

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1.2 Population(s) at risk

• All men and all boys are viewed by some as
  potential offenders

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1.2 Population(s) at risk

• group risk children under 12 women on college
  campuses elderly women minority women
  handicapped citizens gay men

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1.2 Population(s) at risk

• Children are more vulnerable to assault by family
  members, adult caretakers, neighbors, and friends

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1.2 Population(s) at risk

• Adolescent and young adult women, acquaintance
  and date rape are far more typical
• college campus

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1.2 Population(s) at risk

• Alterations in the physical environment
• training needs of campus staff

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1.2 Population(s) at risk

• The values and beliefs of potential victims and
  potential perpetrators, and self-defense training
  programs

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Rapists are more sexually aggressive than
  nonassaultive men
• sexual arousal us less inhibit by violence,
  enhanced by victim resistance humiliation

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Amir(1971) drew from police reports of victim
  character
• invited sexual assault by provocative,
  risk-taking behavior

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Selkin(1978) found rape victims to score lower on
  several California Personality Inventory(CPI)
  scales, including Dominance, Social Presence,
  Sociability and Communality

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Koss(1985) found no evidence to attitudinal or
  personality differences

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• The need for women to master self-defense
  competence
• to develop comfort with physical and other modes
  of resistance

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Research findings do not warrant the physical
  resistance is appropriate or effective for all
  women

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Certain circumstances outside the home(safety and
  familiarity of setting, time of day or night,
  degree of isolation from others) affect risk

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Most rapes take place inside the home
• rapists are strong subscribers to rape-supportive
  beliefs

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Malamuth(1983) found that roughly 35 of the male
  university students he studied could be judged by
  multiple criteria as capable of committing rape

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• The risk of and vulnerability to rape in
  widespread cultural acceptance of given beliefs
  and values

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Goodchilds and Zellman (1984) nine situations
• when she gets him sexually excited
• says shes going to have sex with him and then
  changes her mind

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• has had sexual intercourse with high school
  students
• is stoned or drunk

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Only 24 of the male adolescents questioned found
  forced sexuality unacceptable in all nine
  circumstances

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2. Risk and Vulnerable Research

• Only 44 of female subjects objected
• Effective rape prevention activities must focus
  on attitudinal and behavioral change in the
  general population