The Problem of Evil:

1
The Problem of Evil
Dr. Gary A. Stilwell
Theodicy and Modern Science
2
Atomic and Other Modern Physics
Atoms to Chaos
3
The New Physics and Indeterminism
We've already covered Geology and Biology during
the course of these lectures. Now, we will
cover the more basic sciences (physics)
of Atomic Theory Structure of Matter and
Force Quantum Theory Nuclear Science Relativity
Theory Chaos Theory
4
The New Physics and Indeterminism - cont.
And we will do so using the first few Interlude
stories to expand on these modern sciences I.
Eternity to Less Than One Second (Atomic,
Structure, Quantum) 2. Fifteen Billion Years
Before the Present ( "
) 3. Ten Billion Years
Before the Present (Nuclear, Relativity)
4. Five Billion Years Before the
Present (Relativity, Chaos) 5. Four Billion
Years Before the Present (Emergence,
Biology) 6. Three and 1/2 Billion Years Before
the Present (Biology) 7. One Billion Years
Before the Present
(Geology) 8. Sixty Five Million Years Before the
Present (Chaos) 9. Six Million Years Before the
Present (Biology - Evolution, Chaos) 10. Five
Thousand Years Before the Present (Technology
and Religion) 11. yet to come 12. yet to
come
5
First Interlude (Prelude) Eternity to less than 1
second
The interludes dispersed throughout this
course tell a story across time (from 15 Billion
Years before the Present to the Near Future).
Each one has an event, explainable by modern
science, which arises by chance and will affect
an anticipated catastrophic evil.
6
Atomic Theory, Structure of Matter and Force, and
Quantum Theory
In order to understand the first three stories,
we must have some grounding in these 3 sciences.
This is not a science class, so we will mostly be
emphasizing the philosophy of science Atomic
Theory Structure of Matter and Force Quantum
Theory
7
First Interlude - Eternity to
Infinite in all dimensions, the multiverse had
existed for all eternity. In its midst a random
fluctuation appeared in the omnipresent force
field and, exchanging energy for time, continued
to grow and time began. All of the matter and
energy of our present universe was contained
within that infinitesimal fluctuation. With
time the fluctuation was freed to inflate
rapidly. As it did so, the one single substance
cooled from its near infinite temperature and
the forces we now recognize began to freeze out
of the singular substance. Within a few
microseconds the Oneness dissolved into the
multifarious components of energy and matter
that are with us still. The exceedingly brief
Era of Supersymmetry was now breaking.
8
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos The 1st
Second
Forces separate, inflation occurs, and matter is
created


0

3 minutes
Electron Capture



0 300 K

1 M
Galaxies Form

Earth Forms
15 B 10B
5B Now
9
From Eternity to the First Few Microseconds
In less than a second, the quantum vacuum became
a supersymmetry - then broke
Moved picture to later slide
10
Second Interlude - 15 Billion Years Before
Present
The inflating fluctuation continued to cool and
one by one the various forces froze out of the
homogenous universe. The universe was still
pure energy, but soon matter would condense from
the inferno. When electrons had finally slowed
enough to attach themselves to nuclei, the
universe became transparent and light burst
forth. We can still see it in the vastly cooled
microwave radiation coming from all parts of the
sky. In less than a billion years the force of
gravity would create local condensations of
bound matter. Billions of stars in billions of
galaxies were formed from slight quantum
fluctuations in the inflating universe. The era
of particle physics was passing and the era of
chemistry would allow the emergence of elemental
matter in a continuing creation of the universe.
11
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos The 1st
300,000 Years



forces separate, inflation, matter created
element
nuclei created
0

3 minutes
Electron capture - LIGHT



0 300 K

1 M
Galaxies Form

Earth Forms

15 B 10B
5B Now
12
Cover Topic of Atomic Theory, etc. for Stories 1,
2 and 3
Atomic Theory Structure of Matter and
Force Quantum Theory
13
The Materialistic Worldview of Post-Newtonian
Reality

• Time and Space are Absolute.
• Atoms are the Smallest, Indivisable Basic
  Building Blocks of Everything there is.
• The Whole Universe is Made of Atoms, and it
  Functions Like a Giant Clockwork Mechanism

If I know the positions and velocities of all the
parts, I can completely know the future -- it is
already determined!
14
Evolution of Physics
Major shifts in scientific thought
(paradigms) destroyed the deterministic
universe. And set the stage for modern quantum
indeterminism.
15
Atoms - History and Discovery
What are Atoms Early Models Problems to
Solve The Structure of Force and Matter
16
Power of the Atom
March 1, 1954 H-bomb test at Bikini Atol
17
Matter and Black Holes
Later we will be discussing black holes. At the
center of a black hole matter is squeezed into
zero volume. Let us now discuss this Matter. . .
18
So, Just What Is This Matter that can be so
Squeezed in a Black Hole?
The Easy Answer is -- Atoms Democritus (c. 420
BCE) a)/tomoj not cuttable "By convention
sweet is sweet . . . But in reality nothing
exists but atoms and the void".
What we perceive by the senses is not reality!
Sizes shapes of atoms determine material
properties.
19
So, Just What Is This Matter that can be so
Squeezed in a Black Hole? - cont.
John Dalton (ca. 1803) elements by atomic weight,
hooks J.J. Thompson (1900) a 'plum pudding' model
of the atom Ernst Rutherford (1910) a 'solar
system' model of the atom - had major problems
-- detailed later electrons should collapse
("crash") through energy loss not explain light
colors - atomic spectra not explain photoelectric
effect Neils Bohr (1913) a new 'quantized' model
which would solve those problems
20
Democritus' Atoms - The Answer to the Heraclitus
and Parmenides Impass
Heraclitus (c. 490 BCE) BECOMING All is flux
(change) and nothing ever stays the
same Parmenides (c. 465 BCE) BEING Nothing
changes because what is cannot transition
through what is not to become something
else Democritus (c. 420 BCE) Both are correct.
There are indivisible things that cannot change,
but they themselves are constantly flowing and
are combining to become other things Permanence
and flux are thus reconcilled!!
21
Evolution of the Atomic Model
Revived after over 2000 years!
Democritus Dalton Thompson Rutherford/
Bohr/
(Lord Kelvin) Bohr deBroglie
discovered
electron
1897
22
Two Earlier Models of the Atom
Rutherford then Bohr -- Solar system model
electrons
Plum pudding model -- Thompson (Lord Kelvin)
23
Thompson's Atomic Structure
1897
Why did this model fail? it would be tested with
new discovery - alpha particles
24
Rutherford Discovers Types of Radioactive Decay
in 1899
a Helium nucleus b Electron g Photon
25
Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment
Test the Model
Test the model!!
Alpha particles are ricocheting off of
something small within the gold atoms
26
Rutherford's Atomic Structure
1899
1897 1919 1932
He discovered the tiny nucleus in 1899

27
Early View of Atom - Rutherford's "Solar System"
Model
Rutherford discovered nucleus in 'gold foil'
bombardment experiment - some of the bullets
ricocheted off of the nucleus.

• Electron
• Nucleus
• Orbit

3 Problems with this!!
- Accelerating electrons should radiate
continuous electromagnetic waves and lose
energy and crash and into the nucleus
instantaneously - There is no method for
explaining atomic spectra (discrete colors
of light emitted or absorbed by an atom) - No
explanation for the photoelectric effect
28
The "Crash" (1st Problem)
electron orbit something keeps them
from spiraling!!
The answer is KEY to Understanding the Quantum
Jump!
29
Atomic Spectra (2nd Problem)
Light from a light bulb has a continuous spectrum
when shown through a prism - visible light from
red to violet
However -- Light from a particular element has
discrete spectral lines of color when shown
through a prism - Next slide shows the entire
Electromagnetic Spectrum 2nd next slide shows
various elements
NASA photos
30
ElectroMagnetic Spectrum and Energy
Long wavelength, low frequency, low
energy / short wavelength, high frequency, high
energy
31
Atomic Spectra - cont. why are the lines there?
Dark lines
Bright lines
32
Spectrum - Absorbtion Emission Caused by
Electrons Jumping in Atoms
dark line
like the sun or stars
like interstellar gas or a star's atmosphere
bright line
The spectrum of a hot source moving away has the
"fingerprint" dark lines shifted toward the red
the red shift This is KEY to
understanding the expansion of the cosmos!!!
33
The Photoelectric Effect (3rd Problem)
Einstein to the rescue again In 1905 he
explained that light is not a wave with the
energy spread out, but rather a concentrated
particle-like 'bundle' of energy - photons A
photon hits an atom in a metal plate and can
knock an electron out For high energy photons,
the ejection occurs at once For low energy
photons, an electron will not be
ejected counter-intuitively, color (energy)
matters, intensity (brightness) does not We
have now described the quantum and the quantum
jump
34
Photoelectric Effect Shown Graphically
The electrons were called cathode rays and are
the basis of the CRT
High Energy Photons
35
Atomic Models
Why so Many Models? - major problems with
earlier models should collapse "crash" through
energy loss not explain light colors - atomic
spectra not explain photoelectric effect -
models improve with better data Remember - a
model is not reality but an attempt to explain
and predict what we perceive
36
Bohr's 1913 Atomic Model - Solved All 3 Problems

Bohr's model allowed only discrete orbits - no
spiraling Electrons radiate light waves
only when jumping from one orbit to another -
solving the 'crash' and 'spectrum' problems It
worked - but why? In 1924 DeBroglie's matter
waves will explaine!
Electrons giving up energy (a photon) jump in.
Electrons absorbing energy and getting excited
jump out.
37
The Three Problems Solved
In classical physics Accelerating electrons
should radiate continuous electromagnetic waves
and lose energy and crash and into the nucleus
instantaneously. The light emitted from atoms
should be a continuous spectrum not having
lines. All (continuous) colors of light should
knock off electrons. This does not
happen! Quantum physics answers these problems
and allows us to understand the indeterministic
universe.
38
A Summary of Model of Atom - so far...
Electrons give up or absorb energy in discrete
amounts so they quantum jump from one orbit to
another instantaneously - not spiraling ,
solving the 'crash' problem. Light shining on an
atom can knock off electrons High energy photons
do so more easily than low energy photons. A
photon's energy comes from its color NOT
its intensity (quantity of them). This explains
the photo- electric effect problem.
Electrons giving up energy (a photon) jump in.
Electrons absorbing energy and getting excited
jump out.
Photons are of differing wave frequencies and
energies (color). This explains the spectra of
different element. Each element has a unique
spectrum - like fingerprints.
39
Delving Into the Structure of Matter and Force
Sub-Atomic Particles Structure of Matter Standard
Model of Matter and Force Anti-matter
40
Sub-Atomic Particles and Dates of Discovery
electron 1897 nucleus 1901
(1899) proton 1919 neutron 1931 positron
1932 mu 1937 pi 1947 then dozens in
the 1950's and 60's
Rapidly becoming a particle zoo
41
Simplification - Quarks and Leptons and the
Fundamental Forces of Nature
By the mid-twentieth century, there was a
veritable zoo of particles and forces found by
atom smashers Simplify! A simplified scheme was
eventually found that reduced all matter
particles to just two types - quarks and
leptons and all forces to just four types -
gravity, electromagnetic, weak and color (or
strong) forces
42
Structure - Atom

The Atom is still the smallest chemically
active particle
43
Structure - Quark
2H
Electron
The Quarks make up Protons and Neutrons
44
Structure of Ordinary Matter Water (dew drop)
Example
Atoms allow chemistry to work
Nuclei allow stars to exist
45
Scale of Matter (DNA) Can life be reduced to
particles?
Next Slide for Size Graphic ...
46
The Structure of the Atom
Component
Approx. Size
Relative Size
DNA molecule
10 -7m
1,000,000, 000,000
Atom
10 - 10m
1,000, 000,000
Nucleus
10 -14 m
100,000
Neutron
10 -15 m
10,000
Proton
10 -15 m
10,000
Electron
10 -19 m
1
Quark
10 -19 m
1
Atom 10,000 times Nucleus 10-10 / 10-14
104 The atom is almost EMPTY void!!
47
The Standard Model of the Structure of Ordinary
Matter
Macroscopic object Molecule Atom Nucleus Proton
and Neutron Up and Down Quarks
(Strings??)
48
Standard Model of Sub-Atomic Particles
all known matter and force
Force Carriers
Exotic matter
Ordinary matter is just in 1st column
Fermions
49
Anti-Matter -- Key to Understanding
E mc2
The reverse is also true - when 2 photons
collide a pair of matter particles are created.
50
Anti-matter cont.
It works both ways
51
The Four Forces
Gravity Electromagnetic Weak Strong (Color)
52
Gravity

53
Electromagnetic

54
Weak

55
Strong

56
Force Carriers
57
Four Forces and Unification
Super Symmetry All Is One? -- The Thinking of
the Greek Philosophers and Eastern Religions
58
Quantum Physics (for stories 1, 2, and 3)
Quantum Physics
59
We Have a Light Dilemma
Newton (1600s) had said that light was
particles Christian Hygens (1600s) had proposed
waves Thomas Young (1800) had proved it to be
waves by the famous two-slit experiment
(next slide) Albert Einstein (1905) explained
the photoelectric effect by showing light to be
a particle So, what is it? It's a Particle!??
60
Young's Two-Slit Experiment
61
Two-Slit Experiment - Interference Patterns --
Prove Light is a Wave
Light source Two-slits Light and Dark
Interference Pattern
Only waves can do this! Try it with rocks in
water
62
Two Slit Experiment - Dim the light so only one
photon at a time goes thru a slit
light source
does it look like a ball or a wave?
Even at one photon present at a time, the
interference pattern will still build
up. Somehow, each photon 'knows' about both
slits!!! Close one slit and the interference
pattern will not develop. (close in-flight? next
slide)
63
It's a Wave??
When light passes through both slits the
resulting waves interferes with each other This
is the same interference pattern we see with
water waves If the light passes through only one
slit, then there is no interference
pattern What if I close one slit AFTER the
photon is in-flight? can a change in the present
affect the photon's decision in the past as to
behave as a particle or a wave??? John Wheeler's
'delayed decision experiment' (slides at end of
section)
64
Actually, It's Both
The light 'knows' when to behave as a wave or
when to behave as a particle -- depending on what
is looked for!! Does it really depend on the
observer? Light will never show both properties
simultaneously This is the famous wave-particle
duality of the Copenhagen Interpretation where
Bohr's principle of complementarity says that
the wave and particle aspects complement each
other
65
QT Defies Common Sense and Understanding
"If you are not confused by Quantum Physics then
you haven't really understood it" Niels
Bohr "Common sense is the deposit of prejudice
laid down in the mind before the age of
18" Albert Einstein
66
It Gets Worse - Matter is Also Both
Light (a photon) is energy, so we might buy in to
this duality thing But matter? How does a
bowling ball show wave and particle
aspects? Electrons fired at a two-slit
experiment show exactly the same kind of
schizophrenic behavior as light So a matter
particle can be viewed as a wave - just like a
photon particle can be viewed as a wave
67
The Electron (A Particle) is Also a Wave! This
concept explained why Bohr's atom model worked
This is explained by quantum physics!
deBroglie
Only a whole number of waves can fit around the
atomic nucleus -- NO partials allowed.
68
Quantum Weirdness
Uncertainty - can't know both position and
velocity Superposition - could be here, could
be there Quantum Wholeness and Non-locality
(only if time permits)
69
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
Quantization means that we cannot observe the
universe without affecting it. We observe by
shining light on the subject. If the subject is
an electron, the light will bounce off and
change its speed and direction. Therefore we
can't get precise velocity. Lower the energy of
the light to reduce the bounce and now the
longer wavelength (lower energy) can't pinpoint
the electron's location. If you make velocity
measure more precise, you lose information
about position - and vice versa! and
it's real - not just a measurement problem!!
70
Probability Wave Function
Since the position can be spread out - the photon
is at all positions - known as superposition.
71
Quantum Tunneling
Classical Physics
Quantum Physics
72
Superposition - could be here, could be there
Which slit did the electron or photon go through?
Both! Until we actually detect the electron, it
is in a superposition state, neither here nor
there, but with a probability of being found here
and a probability of being found there. Upon
detection (by a measurement) the superposition
state ceases to exist and the wave function is
said to collapse. Therefore the observer and the
observed are inextricably intertwined!
73
The Indeterminant Universe
Remember Newton's Deterministic Clockwork
Universe? Homer's Fates? The Greek and Roman
Stoics? Similarly - St. Paul and Calvin's
Predestination? Determinism is gone with
Quantum Physics!!
74
Quantum Wholeness and Non-locality
Einstein and Bohr - Einstein did not like the
uncertainty (indeterminism) of QT - "God doesn't
play dice" The EPR Experiment - Tried to
disprove Uncertainty Bell's Theorem - Faster
than light? Aspect's Experiment - All is One
75
EPR, Bell, Aspect
Einstein argued for determinism against
Bohr. Devised EPR experiment to refute
"spooky-actions-at-a-distance" and
Uncertainty.
Entangled Particles
At time
A
B
C
D
Spin Detector
76
Bell's Theorem and Aspect's Experiments
Bell (1964) showed mathematically that quantum
theory predicts different measurements than
classical physics would on the EPR - type
experiments. Aspect (1982) confirmed quantum
indeterminacy and non-locality by experiment.
Spooky action at a distance is a fact!
unmediated action-at-a-distance -- an interaction
links up one location with another without
crossing space and without delay.
77
Quantum Connectedness
The Universe is somehow connected A particle
here does affect a particle there even if they
are miles (or light years!!) apart All is One
78
Wheeler
Discuss only if time permits next slide for
expanation
79
Wheeler's Delayed Decision Experiment
1 - photon in flight 2 - two-slits open 3 -
photon in flight, now decide to lower or raise
the screen 4 - screen up - shows wave
interference down - shows particles 5 -
particle detectors
80
END of Atomics, etc.
END of Atomics and Structure and Quantum Back
to the Interludes
81
15 Billion Years Ago -- Forward
With this Knowledge We Can Explain the Evolution
of Our Universe from 10-44 seconds to 15 x 109
years
82
15 Billion Years Ago
83
Nuclear Science and General Relativity (for story
3)
Nuclear science is the study of the structure,
properties and interactions of atomic nuclei. It
is the basis for all technology related to the
bomb and nuclear power plants More importantly,
it is the basis for the stars!
84
Third Interlude - Ten Billion Years Before Present
The stars were born of the condensed clouds of
primordial gas and began their process of
evolution from their birth in the fusion of
hydrogen atoms to their death when atoms ceased
to fuse any further. Deep within the heart of an
aging star the final nuclear fusion has taken
place. Exhausted of its fuel, the star begins to
contract upon itself. Very soon the pressure of
the contraction by gravity will rise to match the
resistance to further compaction and the star
will explode into a supernova. In its dying gasp
much heavier elements beyond helium will form
and be flung into space, there to fill the area
around the old star with star dust. Some of
these elements will be heavy radio-active
particles that will spontaneously split apart
seemingly of their own volition.
85
Third Interlude - Ten Billion Years Before
Present - cont.
More years will pass before the dust begins to
gather itself under the influence of gravity and
over millions of years gravity will condense the
dust into a tighter mass spinning like a skater
pilling in her arms to allow a small angular
momentum to accelerate. The spinning will
flatten the condensing dust into a flattening
pancake with the center becoming more and more
massive as gravity works its magic. After many
more years the center will begin to squeeze
hydrogen nuclei into helium and a new sun will
burst into existence. Tens of millions of years
later, it will become old and return its
elements to space once again.
86
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos - cont.
Human Civilization 12,000 Years
Hominids

Homo Sapiens

1M 0.8M 0.6M
0.4M 0.2M Now
Plants Land Animals
Dinosaurs
Mammals Primates



500M 400M 300M 200M
100M Now
Earth Formed Life

Vertebrates
500 Million
5B 4B 3B
2B 1B Now
Galaxies Formed



4.6 Billion Years Earth Formed
15 B 10B
5B Now
87
The Helium Atom Model
42He
88
The Atomic Nucleus
89
(No Transcript)
90
Radioactivity
- a spontaneous disintegration of atomic
nuclei - nucleus emits alpha particles
which are Helium nuclei beta particles which
are electrons gamma particles which are
electromagnetic rays - these can react with
other particles causing additional release of
energy
91
Types of Radioactive Decay
92
Beta- Decay n decays to p creating 14N
electron anti-neutrino
neutron decays to proton betaparticle
anti-neutrino
93
Gamma Decay
No change to the element whereas Alpha changes it
to another element -- Beta does also.
94
Shielding from Ionizing Radiation
this knocks electrons from atoms
95
Nuclear Fission
Many elements can undergo spontaneous
radiation Uranium is one of the very few that
can undergo induced fission
96
Nuclear Fission - Chain Reaction
need 1 neutron to strike another atom to go
'critical' and sustain chain reaction
Sum of mass of all fragments and neutrons original mass 235U 1n 2n 92Kr 142Ba
energy
97
D-T Fusion Reaction
Powers the H-bomb and Reactors and the SUN
98
Fusion Reaction - H-bomb and Stars
Neutron provides 4/5 of energy Alpha particle 1/5
Neutrons do most of the energy production
99
Hydrogen Fusion Proton-Proton p p Reaction
in our sun
beta decay positron and neutrino positron will
meet electron and annihilate
2 gamma ray photons also released
100
End of Nuclear Physics
101
GR
GR - General Relativity
102
Newton's Gravity Revisited
Enter Einstein --- The Problem of Instantaneous
Action at a Distance Nothing can Travel Faster
than Light (SR) The Principle of
Equivalence Acceleration and Gravity are the
Same Tidal Forces and Bending of Light Explained
by Curved Spacetime
103
The Problem of Instantaneous Action at a Distance
Newtonian gravity would behave as though two
bodies were attached by a string
Sun
Earth
Light takes 8 minutes to reach Earth -
non-instantaneous!
104
Gravity is Warped Spacetime
That's the bottom line Now, let's look into a
few details. . .
105
Curved Spacetime
Matter and Energy Cause Spacetime to
Curve Strong Gravity May Cause Infinite Curvature
106
Warped (Curved) Space-Time

107
GR - Space Warped by a Star
This 2-D model warps space into the 3rd
dimention Actually stars warp 4-D space-time
108
Sun - Bending Light The First Proof of GR
The Priciple of Equvalence shows that gravity
must bend the path of a light beam If Space is
Curved, the Shortest Distance Between Two Points
is Along the Curvature (Earth surface
analogy) This would Include a Beam of Light
109
Gravity Affects Time and Space (just like speed
does in SR)
slows down
110
Space Warped by Black Hole
Keeps going to infinity Time is Infinitely Slowed
111
Black Holes - Infinite Curvature
Escape Speed - energy needed to escape gravity 7
mps on the Earth -- But exceeds speed of light on
black holes Time Dilation - time slows near
gravity due to losing energy climbing away
from source How Black Holes Formed and
Seen? some formed by collapsed stars matter
falling into them allows seeing
112
End Nuclear and Relativity
113
The Star Cycle
114
Chaos Theory (for stories 4, 5, 8, and 9)
Many systems are unpredictable by nature
115
Fourth Interlude Five Billion Years before the
Present
In the outskirts of a medium sized galaxy, the
ancient process is repeating itself once again.
A fairly small amount of gas and star dust begins
the long fall into a condensed rotating disk.
The ubiquitous force of gravity ignites the new
star and the force of the solar wind explosion
drives the lighter elements outward, leaving the
heavier elements still rotating around the new
sun. The heavy elements that had formed in the
hearts of countless dying stars begin to clump
together and form planets circling the new sun.
Some of the radio-active elements would form in
the depths of space, there to split and cause a
chain reaction. The most infinitesmal nudge of
a tiny piece of matter would be amplified as
billions of years passed. A reading . . .
116
Fourth Interlude Five Billion Years before the
Present - cont.
Meanwhile, the lighter matter blown outward by
the force of the solar ignition form the massive
gas giant planets, while closer to the parent
star, the remaining heavier elements form the
inner planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and
Mars. For a very long time they will be molten
by the compaction of gravity and the in falling
bombardment of random chucks of matter. As the
source of loose matter gradually diminished, the
incidence of bombardment slowed to a trickle of
its former flood. Bombardment was now rare, but
they would never completely cease.
117
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos - cont.
Human Civilization 12,000 Years
Hominids

Homo Sapiens

1M 0.8M 0.6M
0.4M 0.2M Now
Plants Land Animals
Dinosaurs
Mammals Primates



500M 400M 300M 200M
100M Now
Earth Formed Life

Vertebrates
500 Million
5B 4B 3B
2B 1B Now
Galaxies Formed



4.6 Billion Years Earth Formed
15 B 10B
5B Now
118
Chaos Theory
Chaos Theory describes the complex motion of
non-linear systems Chaotic events are
mathematically deterministic, but impossible to
predict
small input gets big output
Chaotic equations produce beautiful fractal
graphics
119
Two Pillars of Chaos Theory
Sensitivity to initial conditions A small
difference of initial state results in an
exponentially greater end result Self-similarity
of scale The structural features of chaotic
systems repeat (mirror) across wide variations
of scale
120
Sensitive to Initial Conditions
The weather is a chaotic system, thus impossible
to predict beyond the near future
1st run datum 0.506127 2nd run datum 0.506
121
Sensitive to Initial Conditions - cont.
Example of a system which is extremely sensitive
to initial contions is a coin toss 1 - how soon
it hits the ground 2 - how fast it is
flipping One would need to measure each of these
two vaiables to infinite precision in order to
predict heads or tails!
122
Self-similarity of Scale
next year pop r this year pop (1 - this
year pop) 1 max
population, 0 extinction
As "r" increases, the population settles down
to a single number until it gets larger. A small
increase in "r" causes the bifurcation seen
here. Then mirrors itself repeatedly.
growth rate
123
The Future is Unknowable
Quantum Indeterminism Events are truly random -
not depending on preceding states Chaotic
Unpredictability Events depend on preceding
states - but exhast the entire universe's
capacity to calculate their behavior
124
The Eye of God - Planetary Nebula
The remains of a supernova explosion Part of the
Star Cycle creates heavy elements forms new solar
systems
125
Emergence and Biology for Story 5
Complexity from simplicity
126
Fifth Interlude Four Billion Years Before the
Present
The earth had gradually cooled and had been in a
stable orbit around a constant star for around a
billion years. Physics and chemistry were to
give way to biology. The elemental atoms that
had been forged in the heart of earlier suns had
long since bound themselves to other elements and
new compounded molecular matter had
emerged. Simple compounds merged to form more
and more complex compounds and at some point they
attained the capacity for self-organization.
Complexity, which could hardly have been
predicted from the simplicity of sub-atomic
particles, continued to evolve until some
compounds were capable of self-replication.
127
Fifth Interlude Four Billion Years Before the
Present - cont.
Seemingly "dead" matter, with the addition of the
interactions of the forces, became alive.
Simple life, to be sure, but the power of the
interactions was not yet completed and emergence
brought forth organic compounds that were
capable of interacting with their environment
and of reproducing themselves. The Era of
biology had arrived.
128
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos - cont.
Human Civilization 12,000 Years
Hominids

Homo Sapiens

1M 0.8M 0.6M
0.4M 0.2M Now
Plants Land Animals
Dinosaurs
Mammals Primates



500M 400M 300M 200M
100M Now
Earth Formed Life

Vertebrates
500 Million
5B 4B 3B
2B 1B Now
4.6 Billion Years Earth Formed
Galaxies Formed



15 B 10B
5B Now
129
Constant Sun and Stable Orbit - Necessary for Life

Constant Sun Stable Orbit
130
Biology for Story 6

• The Cell

131
Sixth Interlude 3.5 Billion Years Before Present
Living organisms begin their long journey into
complexity. One of the first major
breakthroughs toward that complexity was the
development of the single cell. Now life was
recognizable as a complex factory contained in a
wall to guard it against the outside environment.
. . A reading . . .
132
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos - cont.
Human Civilization 12,000 Years
Hominids

Homo Sapiens

1M 0.8M 0.6M
0.4M 0.2M Now
Plants Land Animals
Dinosaurs
Mammals Primates



500M 400M 300M 200M
100M Now
Earth Formed Life

Vertebrates
500 Million
5B 4B 3B
2B 1B Now
4.6 Billion Years Earth Formed
Galaxies Formed



15 B 10B
5B Now
133
Life Gets More Complex
134
Geology and Chaos for Story 7
135
Geological Time

136
Seventh Interlude One Billion Years Before Present
The forms of life were now very complex. To be
sure, many of the primitive species had
continued to survive, and many would still be
with us until the present. Most, however, had
failed to keep up with the growing competition
and succumbed to extinction. . . A reading . . .
137
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos - cont.
Human Civilization 12,000 Years
Hominids

Homo Sapiens

1M 0.8M 0.6M
0.4M 0.2M Now
Plants Land Animals
Dinosaurs
Mammals Primates



500M 400M 300M 200M
100M Now
Earth Formed Life

Vertebrates
500 Million
5B 4B 3B
2B 1B Now
4.6 Billion Years Earth Formed
Galaxies Formed



15 B 10B
5B Now
138
Random Acts of Nature
The Permian Extinction Over 90 of All Species
Went Extinct 250 M Years Ago

The Trilobite had Lasted

from 540 MYA to
250 MYA -
then extinct
Meteor Impact is One Theory
139
Chaos Theory for Story 8
Did at Story 4
140
Eight Interlude - 65 Million Years Before Present
Over 200 million years had passed since the big
extinction and new and monstrously strong
species ruled the earth. Of course, as it had
always been, others weaker species had found a
small niche in which to survive and pass along
their ability to reproduce themselves. Tiny
warm-blooded animals scampered along . . . A
reading . . .
141
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos - cont.
Human Civilization 12,000 Years
Hominids

Homo Sapiens

1M 0.8M 0.6M
0.4M 0.2M Now
Plants Land Animals
Dinosaurs
Mammals Primates



500M 400M 300M 200M
100M Now
Earth Formed Life

Vertebrates
500 Million
5B 4B 3B
2B 1B Now
4.6 Billion Years Earth Formed
Galaxies Formed



15 B 10B
5B Now
142
Extinction of the Dinosaurs
Death from the sky
143
Biology (Evolution) and Chaos for Story 9
144
Ninth Interlude Six Million Years before the
Present
Sixty million years passed and the complexity of
the newly liberated creatures progressed. New
species would evolve from older forms and would
eventually become the large-brained creature
grown complex enough to accomplish what no other
creature had done. They were able to manipulate
their environment. A chaotic event that happened
five billion years ago as a result of the
previous ten billion years of cosmic evolution
had by now been amplified greatly and its
progeny was lurking in the cosmos.
145
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos - cont.
Human Civilization 12,000 Years
Hominids

Homo Sapiens

1M 0.8M 0.6M
0.4M 0.2M Now
Plants Land Animals
Dinosaurs
Mammals Primates



500M 400M 300M 200M
100M Now
Earth Formed Life

Vertebrates
500 Million
5B 4B 3B
2B 1B Now
4.6 Billion Years Earth Formed
Galaxies Formed



15 B 10B
5B Now
146
Humans Appear
1.5 MYA
2 MYA
Sahelanthropus
3 MYA
Lucy
5 MYA
6 MYA
147
Technology and Religion
148
Tenth Interlude Five Thousand Years before the
Present
The large-brained creatures continued to
progress and now manipulated their environment so
well that they had no equal among the other
creatures and subdued them for the benefit of
themselves. . .
149
Time Frame - Age of Cosmos - cont.
Human Civilization 12,000 Years
Hominids

Homo Sapiens

1M 0.8M 0.6M
0.4M 0.2M Now
Plants Land Animals
Dinosaurs
Mammals Primates



500M 400M 300M 200M
100M Now
Earth Formed Life

Vertebrates
500 Million
5B 4B 3B
2B 1B Now
4.6 Billion Years Earth Formed
Galaxies Formed



15 B 10B
5B Now
150
Humans Create Culture
Almost 5,000 years ago, we created
high civilization
151
END OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Special Theory of Relativity Follows if Needed
and have Time for Otherwise, go to Modern
Theodicies
152
The Philosophical Implications of SR
We will look at the philosophical
implications Absolute space Absolute
time Relative speed Light speed waves in
what? The ether Loss of the common sense
concepts space, time, lenght, mass, energy,
simultaneity THE BOTTOM LINE next slide
153
The Bottom Line
1. The maximum speed (velocity) attainable is
that of light (c). 2. Mass increases with
relative speed. 3. Mass and energy are
equivalent (Emc2). 4. Objects contract in the
direction of motion (length contraction). 5.
The rate of a moving clock decreases as its speed
increases (time dilation). 6. Events
that appear simultaneous to an observer moving
at one speed will not appear
simultaneous to an observer moving at
another speed (NO universal NOW).
154
The Basic Statements About Special Relativity
1. The laws of physics are exactly the same for
all observers in uniform motion (from one's own
frame of reference - same as Galilean
relativity) 2. All observers will measure the
same value for the speed of light even if they
are moving relative to each other -- the SPEED of
LIGHT is CONSTANT! 3. Each observer must
therefore have different measures of time and
space (since the speed of light is constant
regardless of the speed of the observer) 4.
Time and space are NOT absolute, but are relative
to a particular observer (this defies common
sense unless you see them as related - spacetime
is a 4-dimensional continuum)
155
In SR - Matter Speeds Add - Light Speeds DO NOT!
speed of light a constant speed 669,600,000
mph 186,000 mps this is the KEY issue of
special relativity - 2nd basic statement
See Next Slide for Relativistic Example
156
SR - Our Common Sense Notions of Time and Space
are Skewed
If you are moving at a steady speed past me,
then nothing changes relative to you but, what
I see relative to my frame of reference is you
are length contracted (shortened) you are time
dilated (my time increases rel to you) your
mass/energy has increased How can this be?????
BRIEFLY
157
Time Slows Down - Examples your moving clocks
(relative to me at rest) slow down
Rest Frame Time Elapsed
per 1 Day on Ship.
v/c In Days
In Years 0.0 1.00
0.003 0.1 1.01
0.003 0.2 1.02
0.003 0.3 1.05
0.003 0.4
1.09 0.003 0.5
1.15 0.003 0.6
1.25 0.003 0.7
1.40 0.004 0.8
1.67 0.005 0.9
2.29 0.006 0.95
3.20 0.009 0.97
4.11 0.011 0.99
7.09 0.019 0.995
10.01 0.027 0.999
22.37 0.061 0.9999
70.71 0.194
0.99999 223.61 0.613
0.999999 707.11
1.937 0.9999999 2236.07
6.126 0.99999999 7071.07
19.373 0.999999999 22360.68
61.262 0.9999999999 70710.68
193.728 0.99999999999 223606.79
612.621 0.999999999999 707114.60
1937.300 0.9999999999999
2235720.41 6125.261 0.99999999999999
7073895.38 19380.535
0.999999999999999 22369621.33 61286.634

You are moving at some of light speed, while I
rest at home
If you age 1 day At 90 of light speed, I age
2.29 days At 99 of light speed, I age 7.09
days At 99.9999999999999 of light speed, I
age over 61,000 YEARS!! At 100 - what?
158
Length Contraction - Examples
Observed Velocity
Length 0 1.000 0.1
0.995 0.2 0.980
0.3 0.954 0.4 0.917
0.5 0.866 0.6 0.800
0.7 0.714 0.8 0.600
0.9 0.436 0.95 0.312
0.97 0.243 0.99 0.141
0.995 0.100 0.999
0.045 0.9999 0.014
At 80 speed of light I see you at 6/10 of
your rest length At 99.5 I see you at 1/10 of
your rest length At 99.99 you 14/1000th When
do you disappear? (at 100) Where is all that
matter going? (hint - mass-energy increases with
speed!!!)
159
E mc2
mass
- It takes energy to accelerate a massive object
toward the speed of light - The object's
massivness heaviness increases - If it suddenly
stopped at rest it would give back the increased
mass in the form of energy - Therefore Mass and
Energy are equivalent!!!!!
160
The "Oh-My-God" Particle -- the strangeness of
near-light speed
In 1991, a cosmic ray particle smashed into the
Earth's atmosphere traveling at
0.9999999999999999999999951 c At that speed, one
could travel to
To
Dist. in Light Years
Your clock Travel Time
Alpha Centauri
4.36
0.43 msec
Galactic nucleus
32,000
3.2 sec
Andromeda galaxy
2,180,000
3.5 min
Virgo cluster
42,000,000
1.15 hours
Quasar 3C273
2,500,000,000
3 days
Edge of Universe
17,000,000,000
19 days
161
The "Oh-My-God" Particle cont.
Length contraction as seen from the particle
would be
Looking at
Rest Frame Thickness
Particle Frame Thickness
Earth Diameter
12,756 km
0.0399 mm
Solar System
80 AU
37 meters
Sun/Alpha Centauri
4.3 light years
79 miles
Milky Way galaxy
30 kiloparsecs (100,000 light years)
1,800,000 miles
The particle had a mass-energy of 3x1011 more
than it had at rest - that is 300,000,000,000
times!
162
Ultra quick review of Scientific Notation - cont.
Answers 101 10 100 1 how about 10-1
1/10 0.1 10-2 1/100 0.01 10-9
1/109 1/1,000,000,000 0.000000001 3 x
1011 3 x 100,000,000,000 300,000,000,000
163
Travel to"edge" of universe at constant one g
acceleration - more geewiz effects of time
dilation
Time elapsed on spaceship in years
Time elapsed on Earth in years
Distance travelled in lightyears
To
0
0
0
Earth (starting point)
1
1.175
.5431

2
3.627
2.762

2.337
5.127
4.223
Proxima Centari
3.962
26.3
25.3
Vega
6.60
368
367
Pleiades
10.9
2.7104
2.7104
Centre of Milky Way
15.4
2.44106
2.44106
Andromeda galaxy
18.4
4.9107
4.9107
Virgo cluster
19.2
1.1108
1.1108
Coma cluster
25.3
1.51010
1.51010
Edge of observable Universe
164
End of Special Relativity