Horse Systems

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Horse Systems
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Horse Anatomy

• Systems are the most complex level of body
  organization.
• Systems are groups of organs that are involved in
  a common set of activities.
• Health
• Is a state of normal anatomy and physiology.
• Body System Organ Tissue Cell
• Health health health health health

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Horse Anatomy

• Main components
• Bones and joints
• Skin, hair, nails or hooves
• CNS and peripheral nerves
• Heart and blood vessels
• Lungs and air passageways
• GI tube and accessory dig. Organs
• Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth M.
• Endocrine glands hormones
• Kidneys, ureters, bladder urethra
• Male female reprod. structure

• System
• Skeletal
• Integumentary
• Nervous
• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Muscular
• Endocrine
• Urinary
• Reproductive

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Skeletal System

• Function
• Gives the body its shape
• Composed of bone and cartilage
• Periosteum covers the bone
• Articulation of bone forms joints
• Bones are held in place by ligaments and tendons
• The size and shape of the bones determine the
  conformation of the horse.

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Skeletal System
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Skeletal System

• Bones are classified by their shape
• Long bones
• Found in the limbs
• Support weight
• Act as levers
• Short bones
• Mainly in the knee and hock
• Aid in the dissipation of concussion

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Skeletal System

• Bones are classified by their shape
• Flat bones
• Ribs, scapula, and some bones of the skull
• Help to enclose cavities containing vital organs
• Irregular bones
• Unpaired bones
• Vertebrae and some bones of the skull

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Skeletal System

• Axial Skeleton
• Skull
• Spine
• Ribs
• Breastbone
• Pelvis
• Tail

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Skeletal System

• Bones of the skull
• Cranium
• Surround the brain
• Face
• Enclosing the entrance to the digestive and
  respiratory system

Foramen magnum
Frontal
Nasal
Maxilla
Mandible
Premaxilla
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Skeletal System

• Bones of the Spinal Column
• Vertebral Column

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Skeletal System

• Appendicular Skeleton
• Scapula
• Humerus
• Ulna and radius
• Carpal bones
• Splint bones
• Cannon
• Sesamoids
• First phalanx
• Second phalanx
• Coffin

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Skeletal System

• Appendicular Skeleton
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia and Fibula
• Tarsals
• Splint bones
• Cannon
• Sesamoids
• First phalanx
• Second phalanx
• Coffin

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Integumentary System

• Skin, hair and hooves

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Integumentary System
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Nervous System

• Supplies the body w/ information about its
  internal and external environment.
• Conveys sensation impulses
• Electrical-chemical changes
• Two main portions
• Autonomic nervous system
• Central nervous system

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Nervous System

• Autonomic
• Controls
• Respiratory
• Digestive System
• Eyes
• Heart
• Blood vessels
• CNS
• Controls voluntary actions
• Spinal cord/brain
• Peripheral nerves

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Nervous System

• The brain is divided into 3 parts
• Brain stem
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Two types of nerves
• One kind sends impulses to the brain over sensory
  fibers.
• The other carrying commands back from the brain
  over motor fibers.

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Cardiovascular

• Distributes blood throughout the body
• Heart
• Veins
• Arteries
• Capillary bed

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Cardiovascular

• Heart
• Left half of thorax
• Enclosed in the pericardium
• Composed of 4 chambers
• Rt Atrium
• Rt Ventricle
• Lt Atrium
• Lt Ventricle

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Cardiovascular
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Cardiovascular

• Blood flow
• Lungs to the Pulmonary veins (O2)
• Lt Atrium to Lt Ventricle to the aorta
• Body to the vena cava
• Rt Atrium to Rt Ventricle
• Pulmonary artery to the lungs
• CO2

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Respiratory
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Respiratory

• Takes in oxygen from the environment and delivers
  it to the tissues and cells.
• Releases CO2 back into the environment.
• Components
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx,
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Alveoli
• Lungs

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Digestive System

• Converts feed into usable compounds to support
• Maintenance
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Work
• Digestive system is a
• Herbivore

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Digestive System

• Components
• Oral cavity
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• Large intestine
• Cecum
• Large colon
• Flexures
• Transverse colon
• Small Colon
• Rectum
• Anus

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Urinary System

• Waste removal
• Components
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra
• Nephrons
• Filter the blood received by the kidneys

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Muscular System
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Muscular System

• Provides both internal and external movement
• Made up of 3 types of muscles
• Tendons, Sheaths, and Bursae

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Reproductive System

• Sexual reproduction process of creating a new
  organism of the same species through the union of
  the male and female sex cells
• Testes in the male produce sperm
• Ovaries in the female produce eggs or ova.
• Fertilization occurs when the sperm unites w/ an
  egg, forming a zygote.
• Zygote develops into a fetus.

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Reproductive System

• The reproductive system is divided into 2 groups
• Intrinsic to the mare reproductive tract
• 1. Ovaries 4. cervix
• 2. Oviducts 5. Vagina
• 3. Uterus 6. Vulva
• Extrinsic to the reproductive tract
• (isolated from the reproductive tract)
• 1. Retina 2. Pineal gland
• 3. Hypothalamus 4. Pituitary gland

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Reproductive System

• Mare
• All reproductive functions in the mare are
  directed by hormones produced by glands in her
  endocrine system.
• Hormones control all phases of the reproductive
  tract stimulation and inhibition.
• Estrous
• Diestrus - progesterone
• Estrus - estrogen

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Reproductive System

• Male
• Two testes
• Three accessory sex glands
• Series of tubules through which spermatozoa are
  transported.
• Seminiferous tubules
• Temperature regulation

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Endocrine System

• Endocrine secretions control the events and
  leading up to and including
• Conception
• Gestation (pregnancy)
• Parturition (birth)
• Digestion
• Metabolism
• Growth
• Puberty
• Aging

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Endocrine System Endocrine System

• Homeostasis is largely under the control of the
  endocrine system.
• Secretions of the endocrines are called hormones.
• Hormones may be classified into 2 categories by
  their chemical composition
• Steroids hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
  and the gonads
• Protein and protein-like hormones secreted by
  pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal
  medulla
• Hormones are controlled through a feedback system
  from the target organ.

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Endocrine System

• Hypothalamus main conductor
• Works with the pituitary to coordinate the
  endocrine and nervous systems actions.
• Posterior Pituitary
• Vasopressin increases water absorption in
  kidney
• Oxytocin controls lactation and reproductive
  phases of the mare.
• Anterior Pituitary
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates
  follicle growth and sperm production
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation
  and facilitates production of
  testosterone
• Prolactin promotes lactation
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates
  adrenal cortex
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates
  thyroid gland (T4)
• Growth hormone or somatotropic hormone (STH)
  promotes growth of most cells

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Endocrine System

• Pineal
• Melatonin Aids in adaptation to light-dark
  cycles
• Thyroid
• Thyroxine controls metabolism and affects
  growth, reproduction, nutrient
  assimilation
• Thyrocalcitonin decreases blood serum levels of
  Ca
• Parathyroid
• Parathormone regulates metabolism of Ca and P
• Pancreas
• Insulin and Glucagon regulates glucose
  metabolism

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Endocrine System

• Adrenal cortex
• Glucocorticoids stimulates conversion of
  protein to CHO for energy decrease
  inflammation and immune responses
• Androgens regulates masculine secondary sexual
  characteristics
• Mineralocoticoids regulates Na and K metabolism
• Adrenal medulla
• Epinephrine and Norepinephrine prepare animal
  for emergencies mobilizies energy

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Endocrine System

• Testes
• Testosterone regulates sexual behavior and
  sperm production stimulates secondary
  sexual characteristics maintains
  accessory sex glands
• Ovary
• Estrogen promotes female sexual behavior
  stimulates secondary sexual characteristics
• Progesterone prepares uterus, maintains
  pregnancy
• Relaxin facilitates dilation of birth canal

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Endocrine System

• Gastrointestinal tract
• Secretin
• Enterokinin
• Cholecystokinin
• Enterogastrone
• All control secretions and motility of digestive
  tract.

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Endocrine System