Dem Bones, Dem Bones

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Dem Bones, Dem Bones

• Digestive tract Lecture! KNOW IT!
• Respiratory tract Lecture! KNOW IT TOO!
• Bones and (some) Muscles!

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Major Points

• Reduction and redistribution of mass
• Fused so structure more rigid
• Pneumatic bones
• ? Evolution reduced weight and added strength for
  FLYING!

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Review Vertebrate Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral Girdle
• Pelvic Girdle
• Fore Limb
• Hind Limb

• Head Skeleton
• Vertebrae
• Breast Bone
• Ribs

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Axial Skeleton

• Head Skeleton 2. Vertebrae (from head down)
• No sutures Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar
  
• Large brain cavity Sacral, Caudal
• Breast Bone 4. Ribs
• Keeled? Uncinate Processes

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral Girdle 2. Pelvic Girdle
• Clavicle Pubis
• Coracoid Ilium
• Scapula
  Ischium
• Forelimb 4. Hindlimb
• Humerus Femur
• Radius/Ulna Tibia/Fibula
• Carpals Tarsals
• Metacarpals Metatarsals
• Phalanges Phalanges

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Fusion

• Many Fused portions
• Keel (axial)
• Innominate Bone (app.)
• Synsacrum (axial)
• Tibiotarsus (app.)
• Tarsometatarsus (app.)
• Carpometacarpus (app.)
• Pygostyle (axial)
• Digits (app.)

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Reductions

• Fibula (app.)
• Dentary bone (axial)
• Scapula (app.)
• Coracoid (app.)
• Digits (app.)

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Skeletal Arrangement - Variations

• Limbs
• For different functions
• Not all birds will have flying adaptations
• Keels and Furcula
• Flight vs No flight

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Muscles
Triosseal canal
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