BrainComputer Interfaces Present and Future Fabian Hske, Markus A' Kollotzek, Alexander Behm Interac

1
Brain-Computer InterfacesPresent and
FutureFabian Hüske, Markus A. Kollotzek,
Alexander BehmInteractive SystemsLecturer
Paul Hubert Vossen
2
Agenda

• Historal overview
• Reading the brain
• Direct Interface Techniques
• BCI Applications
• Current Projects

3
History Discovering the Basics

• 1924 Hans Berger discovers the EEG
• Analyses the interrelation of EEG and brain
  diseases
• 1970 First developments to use brain waves as
  input
• ARPA has vision of enhanced human
• First step in the right direction

Historical overview
4
History - Monkey first

• 1990 First successful experiments with monkeys
• Implanting electrode arrays into monkey brains
• Recording of monkeys brain waves
• Offline reproducing of movements
• 2000 Monkeys control robots by thoughts

Historical overview
5
History - Humans follow

• More non-invasive than invasive approaches
• Brain reading by eg. EEG, MEG or fMRI
• 2004 First human benefits from research
• Matt Nagle is able to control a computer and move
  a prosthetic hand

Historical overview
6
Agenda

• Historal overview
• Reading the brain
• Direct Interface Techniques
• BCI Applications
• Current Projects

7
Reading the brain
Electroencephalogy (EEG)
Direct Neural Contact

• Most accurate method
• Highly invasive
• Not possible with current technologies
• Perhaps possible in future with e.g. nanobots

• Measures electical activity in brain
• Non-invasive
• Susceptible to noise
• Easy to use low cost portable
• Most commonly used device in BCIs

Reading the brain
8
Reading the brain
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Magnetoencephalogy (MEG)

• Measures magnetic fields produced by electrical
  activity in brain
• Non-invasive
• Very accurate
• High equiment requirements and maintenance costs

• Measures blood flow in brain using MRI
  (haemodynamics)
• Blood flow correlates to neural activity
• Studies the brains function
• Very accurate
• Very high costs due to MRI

Reading the brain
9
Agenda

• Historal overview
• Reading the brain
• Direct Interface Techniques
• BCI Applications
• Current Projects

10
Direct Interfaces via EEG

• Required if haptic or linguistic interfaces
  inoperable (locked in)
• Four typical techniques
• VEP
• P300
• ERS/ERD
• SSVEP

Direct Interface Techniques
11
VEP - Background

• visual evoked potential
• caused by visual stimulation
• occurs with flashing lights (3 6 Hz)

Direct Interface Techniques
12
VEP - Application

• Checkerboard with 64 fields
• letters
• words
• Splitting keyboard

Direct Interface Techniques
13
P300 - Background

• positive curve on EEG after 300ms
• relevant seldom stimulation
• strongest signal at parietal lobe

Direct Interface Techniques
14
P300 - Application

• Typing tool with 6x6 fields
• Letter identification by column, row
• Consecutive iteration
• 30 sec / letter

Direct Interface Techniques
15
ERS/ERD - Application

• Event related synchronization / desynchronization
• Imagined hand/foot movement
• Cursor movement
• FES coupling (functional electrical stimulation)

Direct Interface Techniques
16
ERS/ERD - Video
Direct Interface Techniques
17
SSVEP - Background

• steady state visual evoked potential
• steady amplitude on EEG
• based on flickering neon tubes
• amplitude consciously modifiable
• biofeedback

Direct Interface Techniques
18
SSVEP - Example

• Flight simulator
• amplitude lt threshold left
• amplitude gt threshold right

Direct Interface Techniques
19
Agenda

• Historal overview
• Reading the brain
• Direct Interface Techniques
• BCI Applications
• Current Projects

20
BCI Applications

• Medical applications
• Possibly only communication channel for people
  suffering from e.g. paraplegia, amyotrophia
• Neuroprosthetics
• Surgically implanted devices used as replacement
  for damaged neurons
• Currently available cochlear implant (bionic ear)

BCI Applications
21
BCI Applications

• Human enhancement
• Cyberntic Organisms
• Brainwave Synchronization
• Exocortex (intelligence booster)
• Human manipulation
• Mind-Control
• Neurohacking unwanted reading of information
  from the brain

BCI Applications
22
Agenda

• Historal overview
• Reading the brain
• Direct Interface Techniques
• BCI Applications
• Current Projects

23
Current Projects

• Berlin Brain-Computer-Interface
• Joint Venture of several German research
  organisations
• Supported by the Ministry of Education and
  Research
• Graz Brain-Computer-Interface
• Wide range of research topics
• Impressive combination of BCI and FES (Functional
  Electrical Stimulation)

24
Questions ?