Anatomy, Physiology and Summary of general Systems

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Anatomy, Physiology and Summary of general Systems

• Characteristics
• Bilateral symmetry
• Internal skeleton
• Internal body cavity coelom
• Endothermic control internal body temperature,
  regardless of external environment
• Organ system level of organization

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Major Organ Systems

• Skeletal bone and cartilage
• Structure and support, stores minerals,
  produces red blood cells
• Muscular
• locomotion, posture, balance and endothermic
  maintanence
• Nervous brain, spinal cord, sense organs
• Sensation, communication, activation
• Circulatory/Respiratory - heart, blood, vessels,
  lungs
• Transport nutrients, gases, hormones and cellular
  waste
• Digestive mouth, stomach, intestines (large
  small)
• Food digestion, waste elimination
• Reproductive

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Additional organ systems

• Skin etc - skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
• Protection and insulation
• Endocrine glands, hormones
• Regulation and development
• Lymphatic Lymph organs, glands, vessels
• Immunology
• Urinary Kidneys, ureters, urethra
• Liquid waste elimination

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• Framework of 206 bones
• supports the body and protects internal organs
• connect at joints
• permit a wide range of body movements
• Many shapes and sizes
• Breastbone is a flat plate of bone that helps to
  protect the heart and lungs in the chest.
• Fused bones of the skull safely encase the brain
• wrist and hand bones enhance dexterity, providing
  considerable flexibility for small, precise
  motions
• Leg bones serve well as strong levers for
  powerful or speedy movement

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• Attached to bones by stretchy tissue called
  tendons
• muscles contract, pull on the tendons which pull
  on the bones and cause our limbs to move
• gt640 muscles
• can get shorter and pull, but they cannot push
• muscles are arranged in opposing teams
• One team pulls the body part one way, then the
  other team pulls it back again. As each team
  pulls, the other team relaxes and gets stretched

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• Brain
• sends and receives messages through network of
  nerves (like a road network)
• Spinal cord
• thick bundle of nerves runs down the center of
  spine (freeway)
• smaller bunches of nerves branch out (highways)
• From these (main roads)
• Finally, (normal roads)
• Transmit information as electrical impulses
• Drugs, alcohol and cigarettes, affect our nerves
• results in impaired control

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• Blood
• transport system
• oxygen and nutrients reach cells
• waste carried away
• carries hormones
• control body processes, and antibodies to fight
  invading germs.
• Controlled by heart
• two pumps - each w/two chambers
• Upper atrium receives blood coming in from the
  veins
• through a one-way valve
• into lower chamber ventricle
• contracts to squeeze blood through another valve,
  out into the arteries
• 4-5 liters of blood/person

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• Respiratory system and breathing
• takes in needed oxygen (O2) and removes unwanted
  carbon dioxide (CO2)
• breathes in air via nose or mouth
• down through the trachea (windpipe)
• trachea is a pipe shaped by rings of cartilage
• divides into two tubes called bronchi which carry
  air into each lung
• Inside the lung
• tubes divide into smaller and smaller tubes
  called bronchioles
• At the end of each of these tubes are small air
  sacs called alveoli
• wrapped around these alveoli are capillaries
• which are small blood vessels walls so thin and
  close to each other that the gases easily seeps
  through

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Digestion

• Food provides us
• with fuel to live
• energy to work and play
• raw materials to build new cells
• Broken down digestive system then transported to
  every part of our body by our circulatory system

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Digestion tract

• Mouth
• Bite, chew, mix with saliva to swallow
• Oesophagus
• Muscular tube - Pushes food from the throat down
  neck into stomach via peristalsis
• Stomach
• Muscles contract to mash the food into a sloppy
  soup
• Stomach lining produces digestive juices,
  breaking down and dissolving
• Pancreas
• enzymes to digest food further as it enters the
  small intestines.
• Gall Bladder
• Stores bile (made in the liver)
• digest fatty foods in small intestine
• Small Intestines
• 20 feet long
• enzymes continue the chemical attack
• nutrients are small enough to pass through lining
  of small intestine, into he blood, carried to
  liver to be processed, stored and distributed.
• Liver
• food-processing factory
• stores nutrients, changes their form, and
  releases them into the blood

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Comparitive

• Skeletal
• Fish
• Very flexible vertebral column
• Bony or cartilagenous
• Some support by water
• Amphibians
• Undifferentiated, fused in some
• Reptiles
• gt ossification
• Differentiated
• More elevated postures
• Mammals
• Advanced from Reptiles (gt extreme)

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Comparitive

• Circulation
• Fish
• Gills
• Sharks with 5-7 gill slits
• Bony fish with operculum
• Amphibians
• Gills, lungs, skin (diffusion), mouth forced ()
  pressure
• Reptiles
• Lungs
• Mammals
• Lungs diaphragm contraction

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Comparitive

• Circulatory
• All have closed system
• Fish
• 2 chambered heart
• One-way flow low pressure
• Amphibians
• 3 chambered heart
• Reptiles
• 3 chambers, crocks and alligators have 4
• Mammals
• 4 chambered heart

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Comparitive

• Osmoregulation dilute urinelturealturic acid
• Fish
• Urea (marine) or Urine (fresh water)
• Amphibians
• Urea
• Reptiles
• Uric acid
• Mammals
• Urine

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Comparitive

• Reproduction
• Fish
• External development
• External fertilization
• Amphibian
• External development internal fertilazation
• Reptiles
• Internal fertilization w/copulatory organs
• Shelled egg development
• Mammals
• Internal fertilization development
• Placentals, egg-laying monotremes, and pouched
  marsupials