FMD

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FMD

• State Veterinarian Sam Holland
• SD Animal Industry Board, Pierre, SD

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HISTORY

• Centuries in Europe, Middle East, Africa, South
  America
• Perpetuated through Livestock and Product
  Movement
• Endemic in Less Developed Countries
• Economics - Management Ability
• Culture - Education
• Infrastructure - Economic and Culture-Related

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Map of Outbreak
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Transmission

• Contact between animals
• Exhaled air contains a large amount of aerosol
  virus
• All excretions and secretions can contain virus
• Milk and semen up to 4 days before clinical
  infection
• Aerosol FMD virus can spread a considerable
  distance as a plume, esp. if humidity is 60 and
  typography doesnt cause turbulence
• Spread by non-susceptible wildlife such as birds
  and dogs unlikely

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Signs of FMD
Ruptured blisters on nose mouth, and tongue of
cow.
Vesicle at the end of cows teat.
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FMDRecent North American Experience

• 1952 - Type A Near Regina, Canada
• - 24 premises slaughtered
• buried in 5 1/2 feet frozen ground
  (February)
• - April - repeat case within 50 miles of U.S.
  Border - stamped out

6000 cattle imported to the U.S. during the time
were quarantined - LUCKED OUT! German visitor
incriminated clothing or sausage. 1914-1918 Chicag
o Stockyards 18 States 13 Stockyards
Closed Injunctions against slaughter in Illinois
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• 1924 - California
• 900 herds
• 22,000 deer killed by U.S. Army
• 1929 - California
• 1946 - 1954 - U.S./ Mexican Stamp-out effort
• 60 mile buffer zone still exists across the
  Panama Canal

U.S.
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8,000 Cattle from 18 States Canada CATTLE
IMPORTS April 14 - 20
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438,137 Cattle from 46 States 2000 ANNUAL CATTLE
IMPORTS
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19,000 Swine From 10 States Canada SWINE
IMPORTS April 14 - 20
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997,800 Swine From 46 States 2000 ANNUAL SWINE
IMPORTS
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Governor JanklowsSouth Dakota Contingency Plan
For FMD

• Animal Health Emergency Plan - 1998 - Background
• I Prevent
• II Prepare
• III Respond - Recover

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• FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE ADVISORY
• A worldwide spread of Foot and Mouth Disease
  seriously threatens the livestock industry and
  wildlife populations of our country and our
  state.
• People traveling to countries where livestock
  are affected by Foot and Mouth Disease are
  capable of carrying the virus on their persons,
  clothing, luggage or other inanimate objects.
• Any planned travel to countries where this
  disease exists must be reconsidered in light of
  the potential threat to South Dakotas huge
  livestock economy and that of the United States.

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• Every effort should be made to suspend travel to
  and from countries with livestock affected by
  Foot and Mouth Disease.
• Prior to any planned travel abroad please call to
  determine the FMD status of that country
• South Dakota State Veterinarians office
• [phone]
• Or
• US Department of Agriculture, Veterinary
  Services, Pierre, SD
• [phone]

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• RECOMMENDATIONS
• ABSOLUTELY NO TRAVEL TO OR FROM COUNTRIES WITH
  LIVESTOCK AFFECTED BY FMD UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE.
• SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR FARM VISITORS FROM ALL
  FOREIGN COUNTRIES
• (1) NO VISITS to farms, sale barns,
  stockyards, animal laboratories, packinghouses,
  zoos, fairs or other animal facilities for 5 days
  prior to travel.
• (2) Before travel to the United States, launder
  or dry-clean all clothing and outerwear. All
  dirt and soil should be removed from shoes by
  thorough cleaning prior to wiping with cloth
  dampened with a bleach solution. (5 teaspoons of
  household bleach in 1 gallon of water). Luggage
  and personal items (including watches, cameras,
  laptops, CD players and cell phones), if soiled,
  should be wiped with a cloth dampened with a
  bleach solution.

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• (3) NO CONTACT with livestock or wildlife for 5
  days after arrival in the United States. Extra
  precautionary measures should be taken by people
  traveling from farms in infected locales to visit
  or work on farms in the United States. It is
  advisable that employers or sponsors provide
  arriving travelers with a clean set of clothing
  that can be worn after the visitor showers and
  shampoos thoroughly. Visitors traveling clothes
  should be laundered or dry-cleaned immediately.
  Off-farm activities should be scheduled for the
  visitors first 5 days in country and contact
  with livestock or wildlife should be strictly
  avoided.

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• FMD is not considered a human health risk but
  humans can carry the virus on their clothing,
  shoes, body (particularly the throat and nasal
  passages) and personal items. The disease is
  extremely contagious and spreads easily among
  cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep,
  pigs, goats, and deer. Introduction of FMD into
  this country would be disastrous to the American
  livestock industry and wildlife community. For
  this reason all visits to farms or other
  livestock facilities in FMD infected areas and
  all food items and other materials of plant or
  animal origin in the travelers possession must
  be reported on the US Customs Declaration Form
  upon entering the country.

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• NOTE Countries with outbreaks in recent weeks
  include
• Great Britain, Ireland, France, Netherlands,
  Argentina
• NOTICE Should anyone traveling from a country
  with FMD into South Dakota and visit a farm in
  violation of the 5 day NO CONTACT PERIOD
• The entire premise WILL BE QUARANTINED and no
  movement off the premise will be allowed without
  disinfection and permit by the State
  Veterinarian. This is all-inclusive including
  vehicles and persons.
• (END OF ADVISORY)

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• (FMD PAMPHLET)
• FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE FACTS
• Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is caused by a
  fast-spreading virus, and all cloven-footed
  animals are susceptible to the disease. Nearly
  100 of the animals in an exposed herd will
  become ill, and young animals may die from the
  disease.
• FMD does not affect people (only certain
  animals).
• These animals would include
• Cattle Buffalo
• Sheep/Goats Elk and Deer
• Swine Any other split-toe animals

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• What does FMD look like?
• Blisters (vesicles) may form in the animals
  mouth or muzzle, causing slobbering and drooling.
  Later, the blisters will break, forming raw
  patches or ulcers.
• Blisters and sores also can develop on the
  animals teats, causing mastitis in dairy cattle.
  Blisters on the feet result in lameness.
  Affected animals will be reluctant or unable to
  drink, eat or walk, and they will lose weight
  rapidly.
• Swine and cattle usually will show signs of
  disease within two to seven days after being
  exposed to the virus. Sheep and goats may have
  only minimal clinical signs of disease after an
  incubation period of up to 14 days.

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• FMD Outbreaks Worldwide
• Foot and Mouth Disease has been diagnosed in 34
  countries during the past 18 months. The latest
  outbreaks have occurred in Great Britain,
  Northern Ireland, Argentina and France. The only
  continents currently free of the disease are
  North America, Australia, and Antarctica.
• Most of the affected countries are still battling
  FMD. Outbreaks disrupt animal industry,
  including the export of animals and animal
  products.
• Once infected, animals become virus factories.
  The virus can become airborne and can be breathed
  in by nearby susceptible animals.

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• The disease also can be spread by animal
  movements, feed, utensils, vehicles, clothing,
  facilities, raw meat, animal products or milk,
  wastefood, and meat scraps. Even people,
  although not affected by the virus, can harbor
  the FMD virus for a period of time in their
  respiratory tract and thus act as carriers!

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• Economic Impact of FMD
• Implications of FMD introduction
• Consumers can lose confidence in the safety of
  meat food products, (even though meat is safe).
• Prohibitions on sale and shipment of animals and
  animal products.
• Eradication costs are very high. All animals
  exposed must be destroyed.
• Vaccines provide only temporary protection and
  revaccination needed at six-month intervals.
  Vaccinated animals must be slaughtered before
  international trade can be resumed.
• For at least three months after the eradication
  of an outbreak or at least three months after
  the slaughter of the last vaccinated animal an
  affected country is banned from shipping meat or
  meat products to international trading partners.

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• The US has regulations in place to prevent the
  introduction of FMD infected animals and animal
  products. But so did many of the currently
  affected countries!
• If you suspect a disease problem, report it
  immediately to your local veterinarian or
  regulatory animal health official. In the UK,
  the disease may have been present for three weeks
  prior to detection!
• FMD spreads fast! Early detection and reporting
  are critical. Dont move animals that may be
  affected! Stop all visitors from entering your
  premise, if you suspect a problem!

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• Traveling abroad? Take precautions
• Dont travel to countries known to have FMD!
• Avoid contact with animals or areas where animals
  have been held for at least five days before
  returning to the US.
• Before returning to the US, launder or dry-clean
  all clothing, jackets or coats!
• If you have visited a farm abroad, or if youve
  traveled and live, work or plan to visit a farm
  in the US, shower, shampoo, and change into clean
  clothing. Wash or dry clean clothes dont risk
  taking the FMD virus home on contaminated
  clothing!
• Remove all dirt or organic material from shoes,
  luggage, personal items, etc. Wipe the items
  with disinfectant.
• Dont bring prohibited products home.
• NO contact with livestock or wildlife for at
  least five days when you get home!
• Ask any visitors from FMD affected countries to
  delay planned visits to US farms.

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• Disinfectants for FMD
• These products can be used effectively to
  disinfect for FMD
• Sodium hydroxide (lye) solution (2 percent). Mix
  a 13-ounce can in five gallons of water.
• Sodium carbonate (soda ash) solution (4 percent).
  Mix one pound in three gallons of water.
• Citric acid 0.2 percent solution.
• Acetic acid (vinegar) 2 percent solution. Mix
  one gallon of vinegar (4 percent) in a gallon of
  water.
• Virkon S (Antec International) at a 1200
  dilution.
• Sodium Hypochlorite (household bleach). Mix
  three parts bleach to two parts water.

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• Dont Stall! Call!
• Report suspicious cases immediately!
• Call the USDAs Veterinary Services
• at [phone]
• OR South Dakotas State Veterinarian
• at [phone].

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• I Prevention
• A) FMD Foreign Travel/Foreign Visitor Policy
• All educational institutions, public and private
• All media
• All Agriculture related contacts
• All state employees
• All REAS
• All Veterinary Pharmaceutical Reps

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• B) FMD Informational Packet
• FMD Pamphlet
• FMD Fact Sheets
• Foreign Travel/Foreign Visitor Policy
• C) FMD Advisory Packet for Veterinarians
• Information as in A and B
• Reminder of reporting requirements
• FMD suspect Cases - Procedures for Containment
• Notice of potential Deputization
• D) PUBLIC NOTICES - APPEALS
• Airports, Ports of Entry, Rest Areas
• Military
• E) All State Agencies
• request to further distribute information
• F) All State Legislators
• FMD Pamphlet
• FMD Advisory

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• G) Public Land Agencies - Review Training on
  FMD
• Signage
• Handouts
• Website Information
• Identify international tour operators - info
• Train staff - video
• H) Coordinate with USDA
• Meeting with USDA/VS Staff, Secretary Veneman
• - Also FSIS, PPQ, FEMA, Import/Export

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II Preparation

• A) EARLY DETECTION
• Meeting with State-wide Industry Leaders
• a) Review FMD
• b) Report on recent chronology FMD worldwide
• c) Biosecurity, health certificates
• d) Legal Reporting Requirements
• e) Ensure Leaders distribute FMD
  Pamphlets/Advisories
• f) Discuss response scenario Contingency Plan
• Training
• a) State - Federal VMOS 12 veterinarians
• b) AIB inspectors - information and training (20)
  inspectors
• B) Response Management Meeting
• Visit SEOC, discuss plan
• Review Plan with Ag, Health, DENR, GFP, DEM