Principles of Grafting

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Principles of Grafting

• Terminology
• Scion
• Rootstock/Stock/Understock
• Scion Rooting
• Nurse Graft
• Open Ground Grafting
• Open Ground Budding/Bud Graft
• Dormant Bench Grafting
• Summer Bench Grafting
• Bottom Working

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Principles of Grafting

• Terminology (contd)
• Top-working
• High Working

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Reasons for Grafting

• Obtain special forms
• Difficult to propagate by alternate techniques
• Perpetuate clonal material with advantages over
  seed raised stock
• Reduce cropping time to maturity

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Reasons for Grafting

• Obtain benefits of certain rootstocks
• growth rates
• resistance to diseases
• resistance to pests
• tolerance to different soil types
• Encourage earlier flowering
• Production of Plus Trees
• Production of novelty trees (forestry)
• Virus indexing

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Reasons for Grafting

• Repairing damage to trees
• Change existing cultivar on a tree
• To produce inter-stem trees

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Limitations of Grafting

• Additional facilities
• skilled personnel
• cost of purchasing rootstocks
• Problems of incompatibility
• Rootstocks exhibit excessive suckering
• Possible changes in normal growth habit

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Factors Affecting a Successful Graft Union

• Skillful operator
• proper equipment
• comfortable working environment
• compatible scion and stock
• use of virus free material
• cambial contact
• time of year
• proper condition of scion/stock

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Factors (contd)

• Post graft care
• environment
• prevent desiccation
• prevention of pest and disease infections
• timely removal of tie materials

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Formation of Graft Union

• Cambiums from scion and stock placed in close
  proximity.
• Intermingling of callus cells from cambiums of
  both tissue
• Interlocking of callus tissues
• Differentiation of continuous cambium tissue
• New cambium tissue produce phloem on outside and
  xylem on inside.

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Graft Incompatibility

• Partial of complete failure of the union between
  scion and stock
• Success largely determined by botanical affinity

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Classification of Graft Incompatibility

• Immediate graft incompatibility
• Partial delayed incompatibility
• Fully delayed incompatibility

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Symptoms of Graft Incompatibility

• Overgrowths by rootstock/ scion
• Low success rate of scion growth
• Lack of overall vigor of the tree
• Premature fall color and leaf drop
• Excessive suckering of rootstock and dieback of
  scion
• Mechanical weakness in union

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Overcoming Graft Incompatibility

• Use correct rootstock
• Virus free material
• Double working
• Technique
• Prior knowledge/technical information

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Grafting Methods
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Budding Methods
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