Deworming in Animal

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An Overview of Anthelmintics

• Dr Nisar Ahmad, PhD
• Assistant Professor
• Department of Parasitology
• UVAS, Lahore

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What is Deworming?

• Sometimes known as Worming or Drenching, is the
  giving of an Anthelmintic drug (a wormer, dewormer
  , or drench) to an animal

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How Parasites Hurt Animals

• Absorb digested nutrients
• Suck blood
• Cause mechanical obstruction
• Destroy tissue
• Secret toxins
• Immune Suppression

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Symptoms of Worm Infestation

• Animal lacks vigor Dull and depressed
• Poor appetite
• Loss of body weight
• Diarrhea with mucus, blood or worms
• Animal eats soil or other organic matters
• Rough hair coat and anemia

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Symptoms of Worm Infestation

• Diarrhea

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Parasitic Infestation

• Emaciation

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Parasitic Infestation
Anemia
Submandibular Swelling
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Risk Factors For Parasites

• Warm Weather
• 2 inches of rain in a month
• Pasture Grazing
• High Stocking Rate
• Thin Animals
• Animal in Lactation
• Long Residence on a Pasture

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Classification

• Four families of drugs for internal parasites
• Benzimidazoles (white dewormers) Albendazole,
  Fenbendazole, mebendazole, and Oxfendazole
• Imidazothiazoles Pyrantel, Levamisole, and
  Moratel
• Macrolytic Lactones or Avermectins - Ivermectin
  (Ivomec), Doramectin, and Moxidectin
• Others- Praziquantel, Clorsulon, etc

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Spectrum of Anthelmintics
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Guideline for Anthelmintic

• Dosages
• Albendazole -20 mg/kg (Not in 1st trimester)
• Fenbendazole- 10 mg/kg
• Ivermectin- 0.4 mg/kg
• Levamisole- 12 mg/kg
• Moxidectin- 0.5 mg/kg

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Mode of action of Avermectin

• Ivermectin binds with high affinity to
  glutamate-gated chloride channels which occur in
  invertebrate nerve and muscle cells, causing an
  increase in the permeability of the cell membrane
  to chloride ions with hyper polarization of the
  nerve or muscle cell. Hyper polarization results
  in paralysis and death of the parasite either
  directly or by causing the worms to starve.

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Avermectin
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Mode of action of Benzimidazoles

• Benzimidazoles selectively bind to nematode
  ß-tubulin, thus preventing the formation of
  microtubules and so stopping cell division.
  Impaired uptake of glucose, leading to depletion
  of glycogen which causes the nematodes to starve
  to death.

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Mode of Action of Praziquantel

• Praziquantel works by causing severe spasms and
  paralysis of the worms' muscles.  This paralysis
  is accompanied by a rapid Ca 2 influx inside the
  parasite. This influx of Ca results in  tetanic
  contractions of the parasitic musculature and an
  intense vacuolation of their integument.

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Selection of a Dewormer

• Animal being treated (calf vs. cow, beef vs.
  dairy)
• Product efficacy
• Ease of application
• Broad Spectrum of control ( immature, mature,
  inhibited)
• Cost effectiveness
• Slaughter/milk withdrawal time
• Personal Safety

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Deworming in sheep/goat

• Sheep and goats are susceptible to worms due to
  their close grazing behavior and slow-to-develop
  immunity. Goats are more susceptible than sheep
  when forced to graze (versus browse)
• Lambs should be wormed at approximately 8 weeks
  of age, and again every 4-8 weeks until a year of
  age.

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Cont

• Ewes should be wormed 2-4 weeks before lambing to
  reduce the passage of parasites to the lambs.
• Does in early pregnancy (up to 2 months) should
  not be dewormed to avoid abortion.
• At least once per year, goats/sheep should be
  dewormed for tapeworms

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Cattle and Buffalo

• Cattle can be infected by roundworms (nematodes),
  tapeworms (cestodes) and flukes (trematode)
• Roundworms are considered the most economically
  devastating internal parasites of livestock
• The barber pole worm (Haemonchus)
• The small brown stomach worm (Ostertagia)
• Cooperia

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• Internal parasites of lesser concern are
  tapeworms and lungworms
• Tapeworms, which are visible in the manure, can
  cause weight loss and death in extreme cases.
• Tapeworms can be controlled by administering an
  Anthelmintics from the benzimidazole family

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Commonly available Anthelmintics

• Oxyclozanide, Oxfendazole Cobalt and Selenium

Albandazole
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Ivermectin

• Nitroxynil

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Cont
TRADE NAME GENERIC NAME
Profax (Oxfendazole)
Fasisym (Triclabendazole)
Zanil ( Oxyclozanide)
Nilzan plus (Levamisole Oxyclozanide Selenium cobalt)
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Characteristics of a Good Dewormer

• Not Poisonous
• Easy to administer
• Effective for all stages of parasites
• Economical
• Effective for a longer period of time
• Act specifically at the target site

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Natural/Herbal Dewormer
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Efficacy of a Dewormer

• An effective dewormer will reduce fecal counts by
  95 7-14 days after administration.
• Fecal Egg Count before deworming, 1,000 eggs per
  gram(EPG)
• For example10 days after deworming 200 EPG 80
  Fecal Egg Count Reduction.

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Anthelmintics Resistance

• Drug resistance in parasites is extremely common.
  The effectiveness of an Anthelmintics should
  always be tested before being used.
• Do not worm unnecessarily
• Make sure you are giving the correct dose. Dont
  overdose or under dose
• Change the type of wormer used so you are using a
  different type of drug to prevent resistance

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ANY QUESTIONS ?
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THANKS