scenario of insect pests under climate change situation

1
WELCOME
2
Scenario of Insect-pests Under Climate Change
Situation and Future Challenges in India

• Speaker
• Ajay Kumar
• Seminar In Charge
• Dr. Veer Singh
• (Prof. Head)
• Department of Entomology
• College of Agriculture
• Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural
  University, Bikaner-334006

3
Content

• Introduction
• What is climatic change?
• Impact of climate change on human health
• Impact of climate change on agriculture
• Impact of climate change on insect pests
• Effects of rising temperature on insect pests
• Effects of climate change on insect pests
  outbreak
• Effects of climate change on Insect migration
  Dispersal
• Effects of climate change on Insect biology
  population dynamics
• Effects of environmental influence on diapause
• Future challenges in India
• Conclusion
• Future thrust

4
Introduction
5
Climate

• Climate is a measure of the average pattern of
  variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric
  pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric
  particle count and other meteorological variables
  in a given region over long periods of time.

Monthly global images from NASA Earth Observatory
6
What is the difference between global warming
and climate change?

• GLOBAL WARMING
• is the increase of the Earths average
  surface temperature due to a build-up of
  greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

• CLIMATE CHANGE
• is a broader term that refers to long-term
  changes in climate, including average temperature
  and precipitation.

7
What is Climate Change?

• Climate change refers to a change of climate that
  is attributed directly or indirectly by human
  activity that alters the composition of the
  global atmosphere and climate variability
  observed over comparable time periods.
• Climate encompasses the long-run pattern of
  numerous meteorological factors (e.g.
  Temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure,
  wind, rainfall, sunshine etc.) in a given
  location or larger region. (Gutierrez et al.
  2010)
• Past some decades, the gaseous composition of
  earths atmosphere is undergoing a significant
  change, largely through increased emissions from
  -
• Energy sector
• Industry sector
• Agriculture sectors
• Widespread deforestation.
• Fast changes in land use.
• Land management
• practices.

8

• These anthropogenic activities are resulting in
  an increased emission of active gases, viz.
  carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous
  oxide (N2O), popularly known as the greenhouse
  gases (GHGs).
• Temperature increase to be between 1.1 C and 6.4
  C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007).

• The global warming is expected to lead to other
  regional and global changes in the
  climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil
  moisture, and sea level.
• Snow cover is also reported to be gradually
  decreasing.

9
Radiation reflected back to space
Radiation gets trapped because of thickening of
Atmospheric layer
Green house effect
Sun rays
Green house effect
10
Causes of climate change
Natural Causes
Anthropogenic Causes
1) Green Houses Gases Carbon dioxide
(CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide
(NO2) Chloro floro carbons (CFCs)
Ozone (O3) Water Vapors (H2O) 2) Land Use
Change Deforestation Urbanization

1. Continental drift
2. Volcanoes
3. The Earths Tilts
4. Ocean Currents
5. Intensity of Solar Radiation

11
Except one all other are MAN-MADE EMISSIONS
12
Effect of Climate Change
Rising Sea Level
Increased Temperature
Habitat Damage and Species Affected
Changes in Water Supply
13
Monthly average surface temperatures from
19611990. This is an example of how climate
varies with location and season.
14
(No Transcript)
15
Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture

• Global climatic changes can affect agriculture
  through their direct and indirect effects on the
  crops, soils, livestock and pests.
• The increase in temperature can
• Reduce crop duration.
• Increase crop respiration rates.
• Alter photosynthate partitioning to economic
  products.
• Affect the survival and distribution of pest
  populations.
• Hasten nutrient mineralization in soils.
• Decrease fertilizer-use efficiencies.
• Increase evapo-transpiration rate.
• Insect-pests will become more abundant through a
  number of inter- related processes, including
  range extensions and phenological changes, as
  well as increased rates of population
  development, growth, migration and
  over-wintering.
• An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide level
  will have a fertilization effect on crops with C3
  photosynthetic pathway and thus will promote
  their growth and productivity.

16
Framework of climate change impact, mitigation
and adaptation in agriculture
17
Mitigation Strategies to Climate Change
Methane emission from rice cultivation could be
alteration in water management, particularly
promoting mid-season aeration by short-term
drainage improving organic matter management use
of rice cultivars with few unproductive tillers,
high root oxidative activity and high harvest
index.
18

• Most efficient management practice to reduce
  nitrous oxide emission is site-specific,
  efficient nutrient management nitrification
  inhibitors such as nitrapyrin and dicyandiamide
  (DCD).
• Some plant-derived organics such as neem oil,
  neem cake and karanja seed extract which can also
  act as nitrification inhibitors.
• Mitigation of CO2 emission from agriculture can
  be achieved by increasing carbon sequestration in
  soil through manipulation of soil moisture and
  temperature, setting aside surplus agricultural
  land, and restoration of soil carbon on degraded
  lands.
• Soil management practices such as reduced
  tillage, manuring, residue incorporation,
  improving soil biodiversity, micro aggregation,
  and mulching can play important roles in
  sequestering carbon in soil.

19
Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change

• Developing cultivars tolerant to heat and
  salinity stress.
• Resistant cultivars to flood and drought.
• Modifying crop management practices.
• Improving water management.
• Adopting new farm techniques such as Resource
  Conserving Technologies (RCTs).
• Crop diversification.
• Improving pest management.
• Better weather forecasting.
• Crop insurance and harnessing the indigenous
  technical knowledge of farmers.
• Developing Climate-ready Crops.
• Diversification of crop and livestock varieties.

20

21
Impacts of Climate Change on Insect-Pest
22
Insects are the most diverse group of animals on
Earth.

• An estimated 6-10 million.
• An estimated 570,000 species may go extinct by
  year 2100.
• An annual loss of about Rs 8,63,884 million due
  to insect pests in India. (Dhaliwal et. al.,
  2010).
• Impact of climate change on agriculture has been
  the most important research topic and intensively
  debated in recent times.
• The possible effects of changing climate on
  insects
• Shift in species distribution range
• Change in Phenology
• Increase in population growth rate
• Increase number of generations
• Change in migratory behavior
• Emergence of new pests or biotypes
• Change in bionomics of insect
• Change in feeding habits
• Alterations in crop pest synchrony and natural
  enemy-pest interaction (Sutherst,1991 Root
  et.al.,2003)

23

• Change in community structure and extinction of
  some species are also expected (Thomas
  et.al.,2004).
• Methods including-
• Surveys
• Experimental approaches
• Modelling approaches have been used to study the
  impact of climate change on pest abundance and
  distribution.
• Surveys have been used to delineate climate
  change impacts on species distribution range,
  Phenology, migration and winter survival.
• Experimental approaches are also done to check
  effect of temperature,CO2 and other climatic
  factors under controlled condition.
• Modelling approaches allow investigating multiple
  scenarios and interactions.

24
A. SURVEYS

• Shift in Species Distribution Range

• Based on a grid survey (10 km 10 km) in
  Britain, Hill et al. (2002) reported that four
  butterfly species had gone extinct at the
  southern margins of their distributions from low
  elevation and colonized high elevation areas,
  leading to a mean increase in elevation of 41 m
  between pre-1970s and 1999.

• Regular survey in 11 km 12 km grids have
  revealed that in the Czech Republic, the average
  altitude for 15 butterfly species had increased
  significantly between 1950 and 2001 (Konvicka
  et. al.,2003).

25

• Fine resolution survey in 1km x 1km grid survey
  in Britain have shown that four northen/montane
  butterfly Species had retreated uphill since 1970
  (Franco et. al.,2006).

• Erebia epiphron retreated uphill by 130-150 m
  without any effect of habitat loss on its
  distribution.

• E.aethiops and Aricia artaxerxes rettreated
  nothward by 70-100 km and showed combined impact
  of climate change and habitat loss.

• Coenonympha tullia declined through habitat loss
  but no latiudinal or elevational shift.

26
2. Change in Phenology

• Recent climate change has led to an ecological
  shift in time, with changes in species phenolgy.

• Analysis of suction trap data has revealed that
  spring flights of peach potato aphid(Myzus
  persicae) started two week earlier for every 1c
  rise in tem. Of jan-feb.

• Suction traps are being used to moniter aphids
  at the Rothamsted Insect Survey since 1964.

27

• Increasing temperatures have also allowed a
  number of species to remain active for a longer
  period during the year or to increase their
  annual number of generation.
• Under the AICRIP of ICAR collect light trap data
  round the year provide important information on
  the impacts of climate change impacts on rice
  pests.

28
3.Insect Migration

• Effect of climate change on insect migration can
  also be analyzed through light trap data and
  field observation.
• Sparks et.al.,(2007) analyzed the impact of
  climate on migration of lepidopteron insect into
  England from south-west Europe.
• The number migratory species was positively
  related to temperature anomalies averaged over
  March to July and it was suggested that every 1C
  increase temperature additional migration of
  14.42.4 species to England.

29
Migration of Dragon fly from South India Millions
of dragonflies are flying thousands of miles from
India to Africa in the insect world's longest
migration
30
Potential migration of Desert Locust

• Desert Locust are always present somewhere in the
  deserts between Mauritania and India.
• If good rains fall and green vegetation develop,
  Desert Locust can rapidly increase in number and
  within a month or two, start to concentrate,
  gregarize which, unless checked, can lead to the
  formation of small groups or bands of wingless
  hoppers and small groups or swarms winged adults.
• This is called an OUTBREAK and usually occurs
  with an area of about 5,000 sq. km (100 km by 50
  km) in one part of a country.

31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
Winter Mortality
Kiriti (1971) had examined the winter mortality
of adults of Nezara viridula in the late March at
16 fixed over wintering sites from 1962 to 1967
in Wakayama. He suggested that every 1C rise
in temperature decrease in winter mortality by
about 16.5
34
B. Experimental approaches
Figure Temperature ranges in relation to insect
development (LL Lower lethal, LT- Lower
threshold, UT- Upper threshold, UL- Upper lethal)

• The potential impact of temperature rise on pest
  prevalence can be known by comparing the current
  and projected temperature conditions at a
  location with pests favourable temperature range

35
A pair of observations on temperature and the
corresponding development period can be used for
determining the threshold of development or lower
threshold (LT) as follows LT (T1D1 T2D2)
/ D1D2 where, T1 and T2 are two temperatures
and D1 and D2 are the corresponding development
periods.
Thermal constant for a particular development
stage can be calculated by summing the effective
temperatures for the entire duration of
development of a particular development stage and
consequently, the whole life-cycle.
36
Potential Increase in Number of Generations and
Density of Insects

• Information on threshold of development and
  thermal constant can also be used to determine
  the impact of climate change on the number of
  generations and density of an insect species.
• The number of generations per year is one of the
  most important parameters that affect the
  abundance of multivoltine species.
• Yamamura and Kiritani (1998) have proposed an
  analytical method to estimate
• the potential increase in the number of
  generations under global warming in temperate
  zones.
• dN dT
  (206.7 12.46 (mT0))/K
• where,
• dN Potential increase in the number of
  generations in a year under global warming
• dT Increase in the annual mean temperature due
  to global warming
• m Annual mean temperature (oC)
• T0 Lower developmental threshold temperature
• K thermal constant.

37

• Direct Impact of Temperature on Insect-pest

Temperature Effect on Insect-Pests
Increasing Northward migration
Migration up elevation gradient
Insect development rate and oviposition
Potential for insect outbreaks
Invasive species introductions
Insect extinctions
Decreasing Effectiveness of insect bio-control by fungi
Reliability of economic threshold levels
Insect diversity in ecosystems
Parasitism
(Source Das et al., 2011 Parmesan, 2006 Bale
et al., 2002 Thomas et al., 2004
38
Effects of Temperature on Insect Biology
Common Name Scientific Name Temperature Range Biology Temperature Biology References
Argentine ant Lithepithema humile lt18C(64.4F) egg laying ceases 6C (42.8F) Activity ceases Ebeling 1975
Cat flea Ctenocephalides felis 130C (55.4F) egg hatch ( 6days) 35C (95F) egg hatch (36 hours) Silverman et al. 1981
House fly Musca domestica lt200C (68F) larval stage 6-8 weeks 21-32C (69.8-89.6F) larval stage 3-7 days Ehmann 1997
Indian meal Plodia interpunctella 200C (68F) moth life cycle(60days) 25C (77F) life cycle (30 days) Cox and Bell 1991
Yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti 25-29C (77-84.2F) optimum larval development 26C (78.8F) optimal adult temperature Fay 1964
39
(No Transcript)
40
Effect of elevated CO2 on insects

• Impact of CO2 on insect population via host
  plants can be studied through open top chambers
  (OTCs) and free air carbon dioxide enrichment
  (FACE).
• OTCs are essentially plastic enclosures placed
  around a sample of an ecosystem.
• Air is drawn into a box by a fan, enriched with
  CO2, and blown through the chamber.
• Open-top chambers are relatively inexpensive to
  build because they consist simply of an aluminium
  frame covered by panels of polyvinyl chloride
  plastic film.
• The FACE technology facilitates modification of
  the environment around growing plants to future
  concentrations of atmospheric CO2 under natural
  conditions of temperature, precipitation,
  pollination, wind, humidity, and sunlight.
• FACE field data represent plant responses to
  concentrations of atmospheric CO2 in a natural
  setting

41
(No Transcript)
42
Free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE)
apparatus used for pure CO2 injection in the
field
43

• Gao et al. (2008) used OTCs to examine
  interactions across three trophic levels, cotton
  (Gossypium hirsutum), aphid (Aphis gossypii) and
  its coccinellid predator (Propylaea japonica), as
  affected by elevated CO2 concentrations and crop
  cultivars.
• Two levels of CO2, viz. ambient (375 ppm) and
  double the ambient (750 ppm) were used.
• Plant carbonnitrogen (CN) ratios, condensed
  tannin, and gossypol content were significantly
  higher while nitrogen-content was significantly
  lower in the plants exposed to elevated CO2
  levels compared to those exposed to ambient CO2.
• Cotton aphid survival significantly increased
  with increased CO2 conc.
• A. gossypii may become a more serious pest under
  an environment with elevated CO2 concentrations
  because of increased survivorship of aphid and
  longer development time of lady beetle.

44

• Hamilton et al. (2005) used the FACE technology
  to create an atmosphere with CO2 and O2
  concentrations similar to those predicted for the
  middle of the 21st century.
• During the early season, soybean grown under the
  elevated CO2 atmosphere had 57 more damage from
  the insects like Japanese beetle, potato
  leafhopper, western corn rootworm and Mexican
  bean beetle.

• Measured increases in the levels of simple sugars
  in the soybean leaves might have stimulated the
  additional insect feeding.
• Rao et al. (2009) have conducted feeding trials
  with two foliage feeding insect species, Achaea
  janata and Spodoptera litura using foliage of
  castor plants grown under four concentrations of
  CO2, viz. 700 ppm,550 ppm,350 ppm and ambient CO2
  in the open.
• Compared to the larvae feed on the ambient CO2
  foliage, the larvae feed on 700 ppm and 550 ppm
  CO2 foliage exhibited higher consumption.
• The 700 ppm and 550 ppm CO2 foliage was more
  digestible with higher values of approximate
  digestibility.

45
Effect of elevated CO2 on insects
CO2 Effect on Insect-Pests
Increasing Food consumption by caterpillars
Reproduction of aphids
Effect of foliar application of Bacillus thuringiensis
Consumption and N utilization efficiency in pine saw fly and Gypsy moth
Larval growth in pine saw fly
Pupal weight in blue butterfly
Feeding and growth rate in tobacco caterpillar
Fecundity of aphids on cotton
Decreasing Insect development rates
Development and pupal weight in Chrysanthemum leaf miner
Response to alarm pheromones by aphids
Lipid concentration in small heath Parasitism
Effect of transgenics to Bacillus thuringiensis
Nitrogen based plant defence
Control of grain aphids with sticky traps
46
Climatic Change Insect outbreak
Climate Change Insect outbreak
47
Papaya mealy Bug(Paracoccus marginatus) 

• Incidence and severity of papaya mealy bug,
  Paracoccus marginatus on cotton with its
  expanding host range across crops of industrial
  importance viz., cotton, mulberry, tapioca,
  papaya and jatropha was found in Tamil
  Nadu.(Anonymous,2010)
• The Papaya mealy bug has caused havoc in
  agricultural and horticultural crops, ever since
  its first report from Coimbatore in 2007 .
• In 2009 it caused severe damage to economically
  important crops and huelosses to farmers in
  Coimbatore, Erode, Tirupurand Salem districts of
  Tamil Nadu.
• In the same year, standing mulberry crop over
  1,500 hectares in Tirupura was destroyed by the
  pest.
• Recently noticed in Karnataka, certain parts of
  Andhra and Mallapuram and Thrissurdistricts of
  Tamil Nadu.

48
1
3
1 Adults of papaya mealy bug 2 on Congress
grass 3 on Papaya 4 on Cotton
4
49
Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) 

• There was an outbreak of S. litura on soybean in
  Kota region of Rajasthan and a loss of Rs 300
  crore was estimated.
• The pest also struck in epidemic form on soybean
  in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra in August 2008
  and caused severe losses in yields to the tune of
  1392 crores.
• As Bt cotton (BG-1) does not provide protection
  against the pest, it inflicts heavy losses in
  cotton. The intensity of  S.litura is likely to
  further increase under the potential climate
  change, as it has been found to consume more
  than30 per cent cotton leaves at elevated CO2
  levels (Kranthi et al., 2009).

50
Outbreak of S. litura were notice in major
sunflower growing areas of Central and Southern
India. During 2005, the outbreak of S. litura led
to more than 90 percent defoliation of sunflower
cultivar germplasm.
51
Sugarcane wooly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera)

• Invasion of sugarcane woolly aphid, Ceratovacuna
  lanigera Zehntner in Maharashtra in 2002 is
  another example of pests reaction to climate
  change and getting mostly naturally regulated.
• The aphid appeared in epidemic form in July, 2002
  in Sangli Province of Maharashtra. It spread to
  other parts of Maharashtra covering an area
  of 1.43 lakh ha by March, 2003 and caused upto
  30 losses in sugar yield.

52
Maruca vitrata (Geyer)

• M. Vitrata is becoming predominant insect pest in
  recent years in all pigeon pea growing areas of
  India.
• Maruca has emerged as one of the major constraint
  because of the coincidence of high humidity and
  moderate temperature in September October
  coinciding with the flowering of the crop in
  India.

53
Environmental influences on diapause
Influence of photoperiod on egg diapause in two
moth speices.
Influence of food quality and day length on
diapause behavior in the Colorado potato beetle.
The diapause cue may be experienced by the
previous generation, so the mother insect may be
cued to lay eggs that will diapause or not.
from Chapman 1971
54
(No Transcript)
55
Effect of Rainfall

• Distribution and frequency of rainfall may also
  affect the incidence of pests directly as well as
  through changes in humidity levels.

• Armyworm, Mythimna separata, reaches outbreak
  proportions after heavy rains and floods.
• Lever (1969) had analysed the relationship
  between outbreaks of armyworm and to a lesser
  extent Spodoptera mauritia (Boisd.) and rainfall
  from 1938 to 1965 and observed that all but three
  outbreaks occurred when rainfall exceeded the
  average 89 cm.

56

• Aphid population on wheat and other crops was
  adversely affected by rainfall and sprinkler
  irrigation (Daebeler and Hinz, 1977 Chander,
  1998).

In Sub-Saharan Africa, changes in rainfall
patterns are driving migratory patterns of the
desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria).
Helicoverpa armigera damage severity showed
higher November rainfall favoured higher
infestation.
57
Effect of Climate on Pest Population via Natural
Enemies

• Temperature response of the parasitoids
  determines their success in controlling the pest
  population.
• The egg predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis of BPH
  had increased instantaneous attack rates with
  increasing temperatures until 32C.
• At 35C the attack rate and handling time
  decreased drastically.
• Natural selection will tend to increase synchrony
  between hosts and parasitoids.
• Asynchrony may occur if host and parasitoid
  respond differentially to changes in weather
  patterns.

58
Effects of climate change in India

• Agriculture
• Up to 50 reduction in maize yields
• 4-35 reduction in rice yields (with some
  exceptions)
• Rise in coconut yields (with some exceptions)
  reduced apple production
• Negative impacts on livestock in all regions
• Fresh water supply
• High variability predicted in water yields (from
  50 increase to 40-50 reduction)
• 10-30 increased risk of floods increased risks
  of droughts
• Forests and natural ecosystems
• Increased net primary productivity
• Shifting forest borders, species mix, negative
  impact on livelihoods and biodiversity
• Human health
• Higher morbidity and mortality from heat stress
  and vector/water-borne diseases
• Expanded transmission window for malaria

59
Future challenges in India

• New pest outbreak.
• Emergence of new races or biotypes.
• Increase in pest population density .
• More damage by insect pest.
• Secondary pests emerges as major pest and cause
  more damage.
• Sap sucking pests like aphids, jassids, thrips
  and whiteflies are major pests and economically
  important.
• There is a decline in the pest status of
  bollworms the sap feeders, viz. aphids, jassids,
  mirids and mealy bugs are emerging as serious
  pests (Vennila, 2008).
• There are indications of shift of insect pests of
  plantation crops to new crops and new areas.
• Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii Signoret is
  a serious constraint in cashew (west
  coast-Kerala, Karnataka, and east coast-Tamil
  Nadu).

60
Adaptation Measure for Climate Change

• Integrated pest management
• Using available early warning system for insect
  pest.
• Biological control measures.
• Utilization of indigenous traditional knowledge
  base for Pest control.
• Soil solarization technique.
• Breeding for pest, disease and drought resistance
  varieties.
• Careful tracking of geographical distribution of
  pest.
• Phytosanitary regulations to prevent or limit the
  introduction to risky insect pest.

61
Future thrust

• Current strategies for management need to
  modified accordingly.
• Development and validation of weather based
  pest-disease forecasting models for Indian
  condition to serve as early warning systems.
• Breeding for pest-disease tolerant cultivars
  needs to be initiated.
• Studies needs to be initiated on changes in host
  physiology, pest life cycle and host pest
  interaction caused by changing climatic
  parameters.

62
Conclusion

• The greatest challenge facing humanity in the
  coming century will be the necessity to double
  our global food using less land area, less water,
  less soil nutrients, droughts from global
  warming.
• The exact impacts of climate change on insects
  and pathogens are rather uncertain.
• Climate change being is a gradual process will
  give us opportunities to modify our agricultural
  practices.
• Basics of IPM practices such as field monitoring,
  pest forecasting, record keeping, and choosing
  economically and environmentally sound control
  measures would helps in dealing with the effects
  of climate change.
• Understanding how climate change will impact on
  various pests especially crop pests helps
  agricultural scientist to orient their research
  on various futuristic possibilities that can help
  in mitigating and adapting to menace of
  anticipated climate change.

63
Thank You
REMEMBER, WE HAVE ONLY ONE EARTH