PCD Pharma Franchise Services

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Pharma Industry
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Health and the Human Body

• The human body maintains an intricate balance of
  thousands of chemical reactions.
• These systems must respond to constantly changing
  demands from the individuals activities.
• These systems are subject to challenges from
  defects and malfunctions resulting from
• genetic abnormalities.
• environmental challenges.
• changes accumulated through age.
• attacks from microorganisms.

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Lines of Defense

• Barriers to prevent entry
• Skin
• Mucous membranes
• Closures and secretions of natural openings
  lips, eyelids etc.
• Defense against attack invaders
• White blood cells (Phagocytes)
• Blood clotting to prevent blood loss
• Inflammatory response.
• Immune system
• Antibodies.
• Memory cells to enable the body to fight repeat
  invasions.

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Origins of Pharmacology

• From earliest times people have used natural
  substances such as medicinal herbs to
• -- relieve pain
• -- heal injuries
• -- cure diseases
• Some folk remedies contained certain active
  ingredients that were of medicinal value.

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Examples of Folk Remedies

• Morphine
• extracted from poppy used to treat pain in the
  19th century.
• Salicylic acid
• extracted from willow bark an a precursor to
  aspirin.
• Quinine
• Used in South America to treat malaria.

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Definition of a Medicine

• Any chemical substance that
• Alters a physiological state
• Alters mood or emotions
• Alters incoming sensory sensations
• Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether a
  drug has any medicinal value.
• The legitimate purpose of a drug is usually to
  improve health.
• Use of drugs in some cases is controversial.

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The Placebo Effect

• Healing is a complex interaction between
  mind and
  body that is not entirely understood.
• The Placebo Effect
• Merely taking any medicine may trigger responses
  in the body that result in changes in the
  mental/emotional or physiological states of the
  person without having any medicinal action.

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Drugs and Medicines

• Access to drugs and medicines is controlled in
  most countries but the definition of what
  constitutes a drug may vary.
• Examples
• Melatonin
• Codeine

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Research, Development and Drug Testing

• Development of new drugs is long and expensive
  process
• Several stages in development include
• Isolation or chemical synthesis
• Laboratory studies
• Animal testing to determine LD50
• Clinical testing to determine effectiveness
• Approval by the FDA for market

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