Introduction to Turbulence

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INTRODUCTION TO TURBULENCE

• Presented by Aviation technology
• Group Delta

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Turbulence

• WindshearWindshear is the phenomena that
  displace an aircraft fromits intended path.

Turbulence is the term that describes chaotic
changes that are taking place.Turbulence is
often caused by quick changes of pressure and air
flows arround a structure.

• Creation of turbulenceIt is due to atmospheric
  pressures,mountain waves or due to thunderstorms.

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Favor for flying or not??
We can fly an aircraft in such a situation but
we would not prefer to do sodue to extension
loss ofhuman beings and A/c.
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Can we see turbulence or not??

• Yes,,we can see turbulence through IRcameras in
  the form of heat.In Europe modern technology
  like Wind tracer has been introduced to see the
  turbulence to avoid the accidents.

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Crash Due to Turbulence without wind tracer on
Airport

• A jet hit air turbulence shortly before it landed
  at a Hong Kong airport, injuring 47 people, seven
  of them seriously. "It happened very suddenly and
  everything was very chaotic,"

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Types of Turbulence

• There are three main types of turbulence.
• Thermal Turbulence
• Mechanical Turbulence
• Clear Air Turbulence

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Thermal Turbulence
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Mechanical turbulence
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Clear Air Turbulence
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Clear Air Turbulence

• In December of 1992, encountered severe clear air
  turbulence. Despite losing an engine (far right
  side) and 6 meters of wing, the crew managed to
  land the plane safely.

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Effects of turbulence on the plane

• Effects on the plane
• Low level turbulence
• Severve Turbulence
• Extreme Turbulence

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Extreme Turbulence aaccident

• During a flight from Singapore to Sydney with 236
  passengers and 16 crew, the airplane encountered
  turbulence over central Australia. The plane hit
  an "air pocket" which caused it to drop 300 feet.
  Nine passengers including three crew members
  suffered various neck, back and hip injuries,
  with one of the passengers requiring surgery.
  Those who were injured were not wearing seat
  belts.

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Disadvantages of Turbulence

• Fuel Consumption due to the path change.
• Time wastage.

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Turbulence on Airport

• Explanation of turbulence due to the taking off
  the plane
• Wind tracer
• ICAO standard for taking off the plane.

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Factors causing turbulence

• Inversions
• Mountain waves and Rotors
• Sea Breeze
• Air mass Fronts
• CB clouds
• Low level jet
• Jet streams

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What causes the turbulence??

• Everything that does not follow the nature
  causes turbulence.ExamplesEchoClapIn other
  words any disturbance refers to turbulence.

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Graphical demonstration of turbulence
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Effect on Airpalne

• Energy gain increasing head wind airspeed rising
  rate of decent decreases tendency to go high on
  glide path.
• B. Energy loss reducing head wind and downdraught
  airspeed falling rate of decent increase.
• C. Energy loss increasing tail wind airspeed
  still falling rate of decent checked by miss
  approach.Success depend upon power,height and
  speed reserves.

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Bhoja Air Crash
The pilot was given multiple warnings by the Air
Control Tower regarding the weather. As the pilot
tried to land the plane, it got caught in a
downdraft and crashed within 30-40 seconds. The
plane caught fire after it crashed
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How to Counter the Effect Of Turbulence

• In both approach and takeoff cases-
• Use the maximum power available as soon as
  available.
• Adopt a pitch angle of around 15 degree.
• Easing the back pressure as require to attained
  and hold a slightly low attitude.

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ICAO Standards

• Some Standards that ICAO defined for the light,
  moderate, strong and severe turbulence.