NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY

1
NIGERIA

• GROUP 10
• Elizabeth Neema Mkerenga
• Elizabeth Nthambi Ongaro
• Charity Kawira Kemama
• Austin Kalimanjira

2
(No Transcript)
3
NIGERIA

• The country is located in West Africa and shares
  land borders with the Republic of Benin in the
  west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in
  the north. Its coast in the south lies on Gulf of
  Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. There are over 500
  ethnic groups in Nigeria, of which the three
  largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
• Title Federal Republic of Nigeria
• Capital City Abuja
• Government
• President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan
• V.P Namandi Sambo

4
(No Transcript)
5
HISTORY

• 1st October, 1960 Nigeria gains its independence.
• Prior to this, Nigeria was divides into 4 empires
• The Northern Empire
• The Calabar Kingdom
• The Oduduwa Empire
• The Benin Empire
• These empires formed the 3 major ethnic division
  in Nigeria today- the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba
  people.
• Elements
• Natural resources Oil and Natural Gas
• Largest population in Africa (170 M est. 2014)
• Geographic positioning coastline advantage
• Leadership

6
HISTORY

• In 1963, Nigeria becomes a Republic.
• Nnamdi Azikiwe first President of Nigeria
• 1965, tension and violence in the western region
  is triggered by the elections
• 1966, the Nigerian army staged its first coup.
• General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, overthrew the
  central and regional governments,
• killed the prime minister,
• took control of the government, and got rid of
  the federal system of government to replace it
  with a central government with many Ibos as
  advisors.
• This caused a lot of riots and a lot of Ibos were
  killed in the process.
• In July of the same year, a group of northern
  army officers revolted against the government (it
  seems this started a long history of military
  coups), killed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, and
  appointed the army chief of staff, General Yakubu
  Gowon as the head of the new military government.

7
BIAFRA CIVIL WAR (1967-1970)

• In 1967, Gowon moved to split the existing 4
  regions of Nigeria into 12 states.
• However, the military governor of the Eastern
  Region (Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu)
  refused to accept the division of the Eastern
  Region, and declared the Eastern Region an
  independent republic called Biafra. This led to a
  civil war between Biafra and the remainder of
  Nigeria. The war started in June 1967, and
  continued until Biafra surrendered on January 15,
  1970 after over 1 million people had died.
• There have been continued disputes in Nigeria due
  to land, ethnic differences, religious
  differences. For example, in 1992 there were
  major clashes in the north between Christians and
  Muslims, and over 3000 people were killed in the
  clashes.

8
MOVEMENT FOR THE SURVIVAL OF OGONI PEOPLE (MOSOP)

• In 1993, 300,000 Ogoni marched peacefully to
  demand a share in oil revenues and some form of
  political autonomy.
• They asked the oil companies to begin
  environmental remediation and pay compensation
  for past damage.
• They were a minority and felt that they were not
  being given their human rights, and they were
  being tortured just so the country could make
  money off the oil that was on their land.
• Once Abacha took over the government, in November
  of 1993, Ken Saro-Wiwa (Leader of MOSOP) amongest
  other leaders were imprisoned and later executed.
  Even after urges from international organization
  to spare the lives of these environmental
  activists.
• As a result, Nigeria was suspended from the
  Commonwealth almost immediately, and sanctions
  were placed against the country, including oil
  sanctions, which accounted for over 90 of the
  nation's exports. Also, Shell had to halt it's
  operations in Ogoni territory.

9
TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY

• The idea by Atiku Abubakar (1998) was to return
  the country to democracy .
• Steps taken
• Releasing prisoners
• Ensure economic growth
• Fights against corruption
• With the benefit of a doubt
• Sanction were uplifted
• Reinstatement to Commonwealth
• Improved international relations
• 2 M to aid transition by the US

10
NIGERIAS FOREIGN POLICY

• After independence, Nigeria sought to pursue its
  F.P. of leadership on behalf of the African
  continent
• For a decade since independence, FP has been
  dictated by the rule of military governments.
• Thus, NFP greatly influenced by its internal
  leadership and the external global environment
• Today, Nigeria considered one of Africas
  strongest economies

11
MEMBERSHIP to IOs

• United Nations- On the 7th October, 1960, Nigeria
  was admitted to the United Nations as the 99th
  member. Earliest act to the UN was to furnish
  troops for the peacekeeping operating in Zaire
  and later on the main thrust of Nigeria's
  activism on the world stage was to eradicate
  apartheid and racism from Africa.
• African Union (AU)
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• The World Bank (WB)
• The Economic Community of West African States
  (ECOWAS)
• Organization for the Petroleum Exporting
  Countries(OPEC)
• The New Economic Partnership for African
  Development (NEPAD)
• African Development Bank (ADB) Group

12
REGIONAL INTEGRATION

• The West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)
• The West African Monetary Institute (WAMI)
• The West African Monetary Agency (WAMA)
• The West African Institute for Financial
   Economic Management (WAIFEM) 

13
N.F.P INTERNAL FACTORS
14
LEADERSHIP AND FOREIGN POLICY

• The first republic was a parliamentary system and
  the prime minister had a great impact to pursue
  foreign policy within constraints of federal
  legislature. The countrys conservative policies
  were influenced by Tafawa Balewa and Alhaji
  Ahmadu Bella who were both Muslims and supported
  close relations with the west especially Britain.
  They were both assassinated in 1966 in Nigerias
  first military coup.
• The second republic being the Obasanjo
  government, the legislative body has little power
  over decisions. In Nigeria many actors are
  involved in development and implementation of the
  countrys example during the second republic
  President Alhaji Shehu Shagari left much of
  foreign policy making to others.
• External affairs ministry plays a role in shaping
  and implementing foreign policy objectives.
  According to Ibrahim Gambari who was the former
  external affairs minister and Nigerian ambassador
  to UN stated that when he served in government
  critical decisions were made by military
  government itself therefore the ministry was not
  a key player in formulating foreign policy.

15
INTEREST GROUPS AND LOBBIES

• Agencies also helped formulating foreign policy.
  They include Nigerian institute for
  International affairs, Nigerian institute for
  policy and strategic studies and Nigerian
  institute for social and economic research.
  Opinions of elite also shaped the policies e.g.
  Kaduna Mafia. These include Media, Trade unions,
  NGOs who are very active in this. Religion and
  ethnicity also have an impact on Nigerian Foreign
  policy example relations with Israel and Arab
  states. Nigeria is a complicated mosaic of
  several distinct ethnic groups which include
  political parties and interest groups. Ethnic
  politics also has been complicated by role of
  minority groups who felt excluded from the
  Nigerian state.
• Value of national currency which is the Naira is
  of benefit to the internal elites who benefit
  from its higher exchange rate. Politics and
  external economic conditions can also influence
  these rates.
• Petroleum is the key influence of Nigerias
  foreign policy. Misappropriation of petroleum
  revenues over the past three decades has left the
  country in a weaker foreign policy position. As
  Gambari states, The management of petroleum
  resources has been so inept and the oil boom is
  becoming the countrys economic and social doom.

16
N.F.P EXTERNAL FACTORS
17
GLOBALIZATION

• Nigerians are seen to share similarities with
  Italians natural swagger (Maier, 2002).
• Throughout 1980s Nigeria had good relations with
  the international community. Margaret Thatcher's
  visit 1988 thereafter led to World Bank holding
  Nigeria as a model for economic reform in Africa.
• In the turn of the century Nigeria's constitution
  reflects the American style i.e. devolution.

18
U.N. INVOLVEMENT

• Within the United Nations (U.N.) Nigeria acts
  through six committees
• Disarmament and International Security
• Economic and Financial Committee
• Social Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs
• Special Political and Decolonization Committee
• Administrative and Budget
• Legal Committee

19
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• Member of the G77 133 members of developing
  states for economic interest. Joined in 2000.
  Aligned with the G24, an intergovernmental group
  of twenty four on international monetary affairs
  and development.
• Member of the African Union unanimity within the
  continent in line with socio-economic
  integration.
• Member of ECOWAS the Economic Community of
  Western African States promoting economic
  integration.

20
ALLIANCES (Economic)

• Contributed 20 million to post Apartheid to
  South West Africa Peoples Organization in 1989.
• Financial and Military support for liberation
  movement in Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique,
  Zimbabwe and South Africa.
• Part of the Monetary zone with Gambia, Ghana,
  Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone within ECOWAS
  aiming at creating a common currency in West
  Africa by 2015 i.e. the ECO.

21
ALLIANCES (Military)

• Involved in mediation talks including crisis
  between Liberia and Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso
  and Mali, and Togo and Ghana.
• In liaison with the United Nations Department of
  Peace Keeping Operations (UNDPKO) deployed 12,000
  personnel to Namibia, Angola, Rwanda, Somalia,
  Sierra Leone and Liberia throughout the 1960s.
• From 1996-1999 as part of the Economic Community
  of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG)
  deployed 13,000 troops to Sierra Leone in 1998.
  Ceasefire led to the signing of the Lome Peace
  Agreement in July 1999.
• Signed the treaty of Pelindaba also known as the
  African Nuclear Weapon-Free Treaty on July 1st
  2009.
• Good Luck Jonathan and Shiman Peres joined hands
  in the war against terror in November 2013.

22
GEOPOLITICS

• Worlds 6th largest oil producer.
• Illegal fuel trade across the border into Chad,
  Niger, Benin and Cameroon.
• Approximated 50 of Nigeria's 2 million barrels
  of oil a day in production are exported to
  America, 25 to the rest of the world and 400,000
  used as domestic consumption.
• Julius Berger , German based construction
  company, virtually built Abuja through
  multimillion contracts.
• August 1990 through to February 1991 several
  billions of dollars worth of oil revenue earned
  from sudden rise in prices during the Gulf War
  with Americas attack on Iraq went missing.

23
GEOPOLITICS OF OIL

• Babangida ruled a government of the contractors,
  by the contractors, for the contractors( as
  cited in Maier, 2000).
• Nigeria seemed to be becoming a model of non
  productive economy addicted to petrodollars,
  ruled by a coterie of army officers and
  bureaucrats growing fat on contract kickbacks and
  siphoning off the oil revenues (as cited in
  Maier, 2000).

24
COLD WAR

• Emphasis on West African region reign in a form
  of sub regional political and economic hegemony.
• ECOWAS
• Active support for liberation movements within
  Africa predominantly financially based.
• Apartheid movements
• Angolan/Zimbabwean decolonization
• Maintain the alliances with western states
  primarily on the economic front.
• Core trading partners for oil gas are western
  MNCs
• IMF WB
• Keep subtle relations with the socialists despite
  their policy of supposed non-alignment.
• Trade with socialist bloc
• Great endorsement in supporting the work of
  International Organizations.
• Chair for UNSC
• Peacekeeping operations

25
POST COLD WAR

• The 1990s were seen as years of missed
  opportunities for foreign policy reforms for the
  state with the aim of maintaining a hegemonic
  rule in West Africa.
• Under the military rule of General Ibrahim
  Babangida (85-93) and General Sani Abacha
  (93-98) promised openness and democratization
  were mere far fetched promises as manipulation
  and corruption still overpowered the state.
• Hostile reaction to Nigeria's switch to
  democratic rule after Babangidas re-election in
  1993. Coup d'état on November 17 put Abacha in
  power to abolish the democratization of Nigeria.
• By 1998 Nigeria was in a political limbo with
  embezzled funds and struggling oil battles
  tainting its foreign policy.

26
Olusegun Obasanjo

• Served in the Nigerian army from 1958.
• Served as an army general from 1976 to 1979.
• Served as the 3rd chair of the Commonwealth
  Nations from 2003 to 2005.
• Served as the President of Nigeria from 1999 to
  2007.
• Part of the Peoples Democratic Party.
• Sought to salvage Nigeria's economy via foreign
  relations through organizations such as NEPAD
  (New Partnership for Africas Development).

27
Umaru Mua YarAdua

• Served as governor of Katsina state from 1999 to
  2007.
• Served as the President of Nigeria from 2007 to
  2010.
• Part of the Peoples Democratic Party.
• Believed in the governance of democracy and his
  foreign policy reflected the idea of asserting
  Nigeria's interests in realpolitik in line with
  building its global competitiveness.
• Suffered from Pericarditis and succumb to his
  death on 5th May 2010.

28
Goodluck Jonathan

• Served as governor of Bayelsa state from 2005 to
  2007.
• Served as Vice President of Nigeria from 2007 to
  2010.
• Serves as the current president of Nigeria from
  2010.
• Part of the Peoples Democratic Party.
• Aims at encouraging foreign direct investment to
  develop the growing Nigerian economy and better
  the livelihood of the peoples. National interest
  is the priority.

29
NIGERIAS RELATIONS WITH OTHER NATIONS
30
NIGERIAN vs AFRICAN STATES

• Nigerians championing of South African liberation
  was useful in the 1970s and 1980s but ever since
  the aparthied and the down fall of the soviet
  union it was left with a small role.
• For a permanent seat in the UN security council
  the nigerians supported their government by
  helping to fight against south africa. As a
  result the relation between the two coountries
  deteriorated.
• Due to its expulsion of millions of the west
  africans did little to support the ECOWAS treaty
  despite various agreements on freedom of
  movement and curreny transactions.
• The mobilisation of ECOWAS was the first time
  nigeria had overtly exerted military force
  outside its own bordrs.
• Though the militiray used force outside its
  borders peace and democracy but at the same time
  using force to prevent democracy

31
continue

• ECOMOG were accused of running illicit drugs and
  diamond smuggling rackets, allegations that
  undermined Nigerias role in the region.
• Nigerias national interests were fostered by a
  military presence and some semblance of peace and
  unity within west Africa.
• After 2000 the lack of success of the ECOMOG
  force it was uncertain what role nigeria could
  play.

32
NIGERIA vs USA RELATIONS

• NigeriaUnited States relations are bilateral
  relations between Nigeria and the United States.
• The United States is Nigeria's greatest trading
  partner and is undeniably its most important
  diplomatic partner
• With the nullification of Nigeria's June 12,
  1993, presidential election, the substantial
  amount of human rights abuses, and the failure to
  embark on a meaningful democratic transition, the
  United States has imposed numerous sanctions on
  Nigeria. After a period of increasingly strained
  relations, the death of General Abacha in June
  1998, and his replacement by General Abubakar
  opened a new phase of improved bilateral
  relations.

33
continue.

• As the transition to democracy progressed, the
  removal of visa restrictions, increased
  high-level visits of U.S. officials, discussions
  of future assistance, and the granting of a Vital
  National Interest Certification on
  counter-narcotics, effective in March 1999, paved
  the way for re-establishment of closer ties
  between the United States and Nigeria as a key
  partner in the region and the continent.
• Since the inauguration of the Obasanjo
  government, the bilateral relationship has
  continued to improve, and cooperation on many
  important foreign policy goals, such as regional
  peacekeeping, has been excellent.

34
Continue..

• Nigeria is consistently a pro-America nation.
  According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership
  Report, 77 of Nigerians approve of U.S.
  leadership, with 9 disapproving and 14
  uncertain, and according to a 2013 BBC World
  Service Poll, 67 of Nigerians view U.S.
  influence positively, with 22 expressing a
  negative view.

35
References

• Beasley, R. K., Kaarbo, J., Lantis, J. S.,
  Snarr, M. T. (2002). Foreign Policy in
  Comparative Perspective. Washington, D.C.
  Congressional Quartely Inc.
• Kayode, S. (2009). Political Transition in
  Nigeria 1993-2003. Lagos Malthouse Press
  Limited.
• Maier, K. (2002). This House Has Fallen Nigeria
  In Crisis. Middlesex Penguin Press.
• Oyediron, O., Agbaje, A. (1999). Nigeria
  Politics of Transition and Governance 1986-1996.
  Basford Russell Press Limited.
• Alao, Abiodun. "Globalization and the Changing
  Nature of Conflict in Africa."Rethinking Peace
  and Security in Africa (M. Ozonnia Ojielo Ed.)
  14-22. LagosCentre for Peace in Africa, 2002