RFID- A MODERN TECHNIQUE IN ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION

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MASTER CREDIT SEMINAR ONR F I D A MODERN
TECHNIQUE IN ANIMAL IDENTIFICATIONRAMESWAR
PANDAENROLL.NO- V/13/240LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
AND MANAGEMENTBOMBAY VETERINARY COLLEGE
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Outline

• 
  
• RFID- Radio Frequency Identification.
• Animal identification is defined as the
  combination and linking of the identification and
  registration of an animal individually, with a
  unique identifier, or collectively by its
  epidemiological unit or group, with a unique
  group identifier
• 
  (Sehularo, 2010).
• It is an AIDC ( Automatic Identification Data
  Capturing) that uses radio frequency waves to
  transfer data between reader and electronic(RFID)
  tag attached to an object for the purpose of
  identification and tracking.

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) is one of
the advanced and efficient identification
technologies in recent years and is widely
adopted by various dairy industries. RFID can
improve the automatic data collection by taking
advantage of electronic transmission technology
that provides quick access to dairy herd
information and utilized for improving the
feeding and managemental practices.
(Prasad et al., 2013).
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HOW RFID INVENTED

• The cause of rfid invention was the application
  of IFF ( Identification friend or foe) method
  during world war 2 by the British Army to detect
  their own returning plane from inbound German
  ones.
• Though radar was there, but it was able to
  signal the presence of plane not the type of
  plane it was.

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TORY OF RFID
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• 
  Components of RFID
• RFID consist of three components and they are as
  follows
• Transponder (2) Trans-receiver (3) Data
  accumulator ( computer system)
  
• 
  (McAllister et al.,
  2000).

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• TRANSPONDER

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• 
  EAR TAG

Ear tags The ear tag transponder is one inch in
diameter and can be embodied in plastic (Sherwin,
1990 Stark et al., 1998).
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• Flag shaped ear tag
• Button shaped ear tag

Button shaped ear tag has more durability than
flag shaped ear tag.

(Carne et al. 2003)



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Hungary 348 Isle of
Jersey (obsolete) India
356 Iran 364
Ireland 372 Israel
376
Argentina 32 Australia
36 Austria 40 Belgium
56 Bulgaria 100
Canada 124 Switzerland
756 Germany 276 Denmark
208 Dominican Republic 214 Spain
724 Estonia 233
Finland 246 France
250 Great Britain 826 Greece
300 Croatia
191 Czech Republic 203 Costa Rica
188
Sweden 752 Tunisia
788 United States of America
840
Italy 380 Japan
392 Kazakhstan
398 South Korea 410 Lithuania
440 Luxembourg 442
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Now the tagging is done.
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RFID RUMEN BOLUS
The bolus transponders are covered by a capsule
of biomedical glass and injected under the skin
(Gruys et al., 1993 Lambooij et al., 1995)
introduced orally into the forestomach of
ruminants (Fallon and Rogers, 1996 Hasker and
Bassingthwaighte, 1996 Caja et al., 1999)
through a balling gun.
Covered with ceramic materials
Bolus with animal ID

• For cattle - 70 gm
• For sheep - 20 gm

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Bolus applicator/ Bolus gun
Precautions to be taken during application
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Pathway for Bolus
After administration , bolus is read by RFID
reader
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Microchips Microchips are a form of
identification that involves the implanting of an
electronic chip, with a miniature radio
transponder and antenna, under the skin of an
animal near the neck between the shoulder blades,
or near the base of the ear

(Diez et al., 1994).
Wide application over pet animals and wild animals
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Microchip injector with covering of poly-
propylene
Now, the chip is fitted with the injector
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• It is recommended that a subcutaneous
  implantation site in the lateral left side of the
  neck, approximately 10 cm cranial to the shoulder
  of cattle, sheep and goats.
  
• 
  
  Dorn (1987)

• There are 4 different sites for IETs in veal
  calves.The sites were (a) subcutaneously at the
  front of the head, 10 cm lateral and caudal to
  the nostril, (b) at the base of the ear, (c)
  intramuscularly in the neck, ventral to the
  ligamentum nuchae and 10 cm cranial, and (d) at
  the lateral side of the neck, cranial to the
  shoulder.
• 
  Merks and Lambooij (1989)

Microchip is injected in the neck area.
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COLLAR TAG Electronic collar are similar to that
of neck chain, except they have an attached tag
with an electronic number that can be read by a
scanner.
Transponder attached to the neck chain
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• DIFEERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE TAG AND PASSIVE TAG

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• RFID Reader

4 parts 1- power source 2- antennae 3-
transciever 4- decoder
Ruhil .et al. 2013 There are two
basic readers (1) Portable/Handheld and (2) Fixed
reader. The handheld can be powered by
rechargeable battery

(Blasi et al, 2003).

Portable RFID reader
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neck
band
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Stationary RFID reader
Fixed RFID reader in milking parlour for
auto-identification
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For reading barcodes and microchips Called 2 in 1
scanner.
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How reader and host system is connected
1- Bluetooth 2- RS 232/ USB
-------------------------------------
-----------------------
PDA
(Personal Digital Assistant)
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RFID COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
-----------------?-----------------------
------------------lt-----------------------
Both A and B send and receive simultaneously
A
B
1- Full Duplex mode (FDX)
Ex- telephone
------------------?-----------------------
B waits for the signal from A.
2- Half Duplex mode (HDX)
A
B
Ex walki- talki
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Radio- Frequency range
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Norms In RFID Animal Identification
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International Committee for Animal
Recording (ICAR) ICAR recommends
three-way RFID ear tags (visual laser-printed,
bar-coded and microchip-embedded). These tags are
commonly used in India.

(Ruhil et al 2013)
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• All RFID appliances are regulated under ISO
  standards
• 1- 11784
• 2- 11785
  Barge et al 2012

• ISO 11784- defines the code structure of the
  RFID transponder
• ISO 11785 - readability of RFID reader
• 
  
  ( ICAR 2009)

• The ISO compliant RFID animal identification
  transponder operates at a frequency of 134 kHz
  and stores a 64-bit code.
• 
  ( Ruhil et al 2013)

• The ISO solution of 64-bit coded tags limits the
  complexity of the transponders and their cost
• 
  (Saa et al.
  2005).

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• For cattle, sheep and goats, the code structure
  and the operating frequencies must be compliant
  with the International Organization for
  Standardization 11784 and 11785 standards
  (International Organization for Standardization
  1996a, b), which were defined and adopted in the
  early 1970s (Rossing 1999) and then approved by
  the International Committee for Animal Recording
  (ICAR 2005).

• No standards are at present defined for pig
  identification.

• The introduction of new ISO standard, ISO
  142232003 (International Organization for
  Standardization 2003) could allow the
  exploitation of the new possibilities offered by
  RFID technology.
• 
  (Sydanheimo et al.
  2006).

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Comparision between RFID rumen bolus and ear tag
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• FAO/WHO (2004) compared electronic ear tags and
  rumen bolus based on the five attributes (i.e.,
  readability, cost, durability, transcription and
  central control)

• According to the advantage of the ear tag device
  is that farmers will buy and apply the electronic
  ear tags themselves and, could easily identify
  their animals from a distance.
• 
  
• 
  Anon(2012b)
• The disadvantages of ear tags are that they can
  be easily removed, lost or damaged deliberately
  resulting in animals being difficult to identify.
  

Anon, 2012b Seretse,
(2012)

• Bolus is irretrievable until the time of
  slaughter. Boluses showed higher readability
  (99.5) than electronic tag (89.8)
• 
  (Garin et al., 2003).

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• The recovery of the rumen bolus after slaughter
  is more problematic than the removal of an
  electronic ear tag
• 
  (Fallon, 2001
  Merchant, 2002).
• Reading of a bolus seems to be more difficult
  and time consuming than reading of injectable
  transponders and electronic ear tags when
  hand-held readers are used.
• 
  Klindtworth et
  al. (1999)

• Ear tags and rumen boluses were both suitable
  for electronic identification purposes, but
  boluses were shown to have a higher retention
  rate and to potentially pose less welfare problems

(Ribo et al., 2001 JRC, 2002).

• Compared to bolus, ear tags cannot be reused or
  recycled
• 
  (Anon, 2012b)
  .

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Automation in dairy with the help of RFID
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Animal identification helps in automation of
dairy farm operation and better management of
individual animal records

(Pires 2002, Eradus et al. 1995).
RFID used in automatic weighing
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Automatic milking with the help of RFID
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Health and Reproduction monitoring RFID helps
in health monitoring like monitoring health of
herd (physiological parameters, mastitis) and
individual medication and vaccination records.
Sick animal identified at early stage and
segregated for treatment.

(Eradus and Jansen, 2009
Temperature monitoring RFID microchips can read
the temperature of the cow along with the cows
unique identification number
(Higgins, 2003
Hostettor, 2003).
Ankle pedometer used to detect estrous
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Traceability
system and tracking system This is a
combination of Global Positioning System (GPS)
and RFID technology. This will help in enhance
farm management capabilities. It is proposed that
GPS technology be included in RFID tags in to
tracing cattle movements, and locate individual
cows with a single program
(Karnjanatwe, 2005).
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RFIDlivestock in World
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The radio frequency identification (RFID) of each
single head of cattle is already mandatory in
many countries.

(Smith et al. 2008).
In the European Union, electronic identification
of sheep and goats by radiofrequency has been
mandatory since January 2010 implemented by
Commission Decision 2006/968/EC., but for cattle
it is voluntary.
NLIS is the largest animal ID system in the
world.
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RFIDlivestock in India
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• Application of electronic animal identification
  technologies is a growing trend in the livestock
  industry and plays an important role in the
  future prospects. There is still a gap regarding
  electronic animal identification for the purposes
  of improving total farm management practices,
  especially on dairy farms in India..
  
  (Trevarthen, 2007).
• Maharashtra is the first state in India to
  introduce animal identification authority called
  MAIRA.

BVC created HERDMAN sofeware under Dr. A.
Samad and his colleagues.
Chitale dairy farm
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• Less than 10 of the cattle in India are insured.
• 
  (Brockman et al. 2010, Sharma et al. 2010).

providing cattle insurance in 5 states through
RFID

they work in tamil Nadu through RFID
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CONCLUSION
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• The countries that have started recording of
  performance data have doubled the productivity of
  animals in 25 years
• 
  (Samad 2010).

• The general perception is that RFID technology
  is cost prohibitive to small-hold dairy farmers .
• 
  (Geers et al., 1997 Saatkamp et al., 1997)

• RFID has led to the evolution of herd health
  programs focused on maximizing production
  (Voelker, 1981 Menzies et al., 1988), health
  (Dohoo, 1988) and fertility (Lehenbauer, 1987).

• Such integrated systems offer advantages such as
  decrease in recording errors, automation of farm
  implements (Naas, 2002), reduction in labour
  costs and overall productivity optimization
  (Artman, 1999).

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Worlds smallest RFID chip Dust
Every sector is with RFID evolution, why not
dairy sector..
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REFERENCES
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F., Torassa, C. and Tortia, C. 2009. Web based
systems and RFID for meat traceability.
Proceedings of XXXIII CIOSTA CIGR VConference
Technology and management to ensure sustainable
agriculture, agro-systems, forestry and safety,
Jun. 1719, Reggio Calabria, Italy. Burose, F.,
Anliker, T., Herd, D., Jungbluth, T. and Za ner,
M. 2010. Readability of electronic ear tags in
stationary antenna systems. Landtechnik 6
446449. Caja, G., Conill, C., Nehring, R. and
Ribo , O. 1999. Development of a ceramic bolus
for the permanent electronic identification of
sheep, goats and cattle. Comput. Electron. Agric.
24 4563. Caja, G., Herna ndez-Jover, M.,
Conill, C., Garin, D., Alabern, X., Farriol, B.
and Ghirardi, J. 2005. Use of ear tags and
injectable transponders for the identification
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the slaughter line. J. Anim. Sci.83 22152224.
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identification and registration of ovine and
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1782/2003 and Directives 92/102/EEC and
64/432/EEC.
International Organization for Standardization.
1996a. Agricultural equipment. Radio-frequency
identification of animals Code structure. ISO
117841996 (E). 2nd ed. ISO, Geneva,Switzerland.
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Klindtworth, M., Wendl, G., Klindtworth, K. and
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