Introduction to Gymnema sylvestre

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Gymnema sylvestre

• By
• Pallavi Bohra

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Introduction

• Herb, climber
• 8 m/600m height
• Native of southern, central India and Srilanka,
  africa,Malasiya
• Also known as Asclepias geminata, Gymnema
  melicida, and Pinus sylvestris

• Other names
• English Periploca of woods
• HindiGurmar (Destroyer of sugar)
• SanskritMadhuashini
• MarathiDhuleti
• KannadaSannageraseha-mbu

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Classification

• Kingdom Plantae
• Subkingdom Tracheobionta
• Superdivision Spermatophyta
• Division Magnoliophyta
• Class Magnoliopsida
• Subclass Asteridae
• Order Gentianales
• Family Asclepiadaceae
• Genus Gymnema
• Species sylvestre R.Br. (Robert
  Brown)

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Plant morphology

• Stem Arial, hard and branched. Young stems
  branches are smooth and cylindrical.
• Leaves Elliptic, base acute to acuminate,
  glabrous and opposite.
• Infloroscence Umbellate cyme with small yellow
  coloured flowers

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Cultivation

• Best is sandy loam soil.
• For preparation Make soil weed-free
• 10-12 tonnes/hectare of FYM and 250 kg of NPK
  added as a basal dose at the time of preparation
• October-December Seeds are collected and sown
  in polybags.
• Feb-March Seedling raised are planted in field
• 1-1.5 m spacing is recommended
• Green gram can be grown as a intercrop
• Irrigation require once a week
• October-Feb. One year leaves are ready to harvest
• Roots are collected in summers
• Aphid sp. is observed to attach this plant

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Harvesting

• Leaves 30-40 days leaves can be used
• One year time is best
• Post harvesting methods
• Dried in shade
• Packed in polybags
• Moisture content should only 8
• Chemical constitute
• 7-9.6 of gymnemic acid
• Yield and cost of cultivation
• 1250 kg of dry leaves from one hectare in every
  three months
• Cost of cultivation is 25000 Rs/hectare

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Phyto Chemistry

• Dammarene saponins are gymnemasides and
• gurmarin
• Other components Resins, albumin, chlorophyll,
  carbohydrates, tartaric acid, formic acid,
  butyric acid, anthraquinone derivatives,
  inositole
• Alkaloids, organic acid (5.5), parabin, calcium
  oxalate (7.3), lignin (4.8), cellulose (22)

• G.syvestre leaves extract contain oleanane and
  dammarene classes of triterpene saponins.
• Major component Gymnemic acid, gurmarin,
  gymnemasaponins and gymnemasides
• Gymenemic acid and gymnemasaponins are group of
  oleanane type of saponins

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Nutraceutical values

• Slow the transport of glucose from the intestine
  to the bloodstream
• Lower blood sugar
• Lower gycosylated heamoglobin HbAC1
• Lower glycosylated plasma protein levels
• Decreasing glycosuria
• Chewing the leaves destroys the ability to
  identify the sweet taste
• Fruits and leaves used for treating blood
  pressure and heart rhythms

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Continue.

• Leaves are bitter, astringent and acrid
• Also, anti-inflammatory, anthelmenthics,
  cardiotonic, expectorant and antipyretic.
• Leaves are also used for stomach ailments, water
  retention, and liver disease, anaemia and eye
  complaints, jaundice, asthma and leucoderma.
• Leaves also used to treat snake bite.

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continue..

• Lowering serum cholesterol and triglycerides
• Reduce the complications of retinopathy by 38
• Other Anti-inflammatory, anodyne, digestive,
  liver tonic, anti-emetic, diuretic, stimulant,
  laxative, uterine tonic and urinary disorder.
• Useful in dyspepsia, constipation and jaundice,
  haemorrhoids, cardiopathy, asthma, bronchitis,
  amenorrhoea, conjunctivitis and leucoderma

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Mechanism of G.sylvestre (Gymnemic
acid)-hypogycimic effect

• It promotes regeneration of islet cells
• It increases secretion of insulin
• It causes inhibition of glucose absorption from
  intestine
• It increases utilization of glucose as it
  increase the activities of enzymes responsible
  for utilization of glucose by insulin-dependent
  pathways, an increase in phosphorylase activity,
  decrease in gluconeogenic enzymes and sorbitol
  dehydrogenase
• Decrease glucose absorption in the intestine

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Ethnobotanical Uses (Tribal people)

• Jungle Irulas , Bourgeois classes inhabitants of
  Nagari Hills (North Arcot District, Bombay and
  Gujarat) Habit of chewing a few green leaves in
  the morning in order to keep their urine clear
  and to reduce glycosuria
• Vaids (Bombay and Madras) Used leaves in the
  treatment of furunculosis and madhumeha (Honey
  urine)
• Juice obtained from root is used to treat
  vomiting and in dysentery
• Plant paste is applied with mothers milk to
  treat mouth ulcer

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Pharmacology studies

• Antiobesity Study
• Gurmarin peptide block the ability to taste sweet
  or bitter flavors and thus reduces sweet cravings
• Gymnema sylvestre extract and hydroxycitric acid,
  niacin bound chromium can serve as an effective
  and safe weight loss formula
• Who took gymnema one hour before food eat less
  than the participants who had not consume gymnema
• Antimicrobial Activity
• Against Bacillus pumilis, B. subtilis,
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus
• Ethanolic, Chloroform and Ethyl acetate extracts
  of the aerial parts -antibacterial effects
  against P. vulgaris, E. coli, P. aeroginosa,
  Klebsella pneumoniae and S. aureus

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Suggested combinations with other herbs

• Diabetes G. sylvestre can be taken along with
  fenugreek, goats rue and neem leaves .
• Weight loss G.sylvestre with globe artichoke or
  blue flag for weight loss.
• Hypercholesterolaemia G. sylvestre recommended
  with turmeric, hawthorn, Silybum, globe artichoke
  and garlic.

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Limitation

• No major side effects have been reported
• Can cause hypoglycaemia-medical supervision
  require
• Market info
• 2006/07
• Market price50Rs/kg (dry leaves)
• Market demands 1tonnes/year

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Some products
Some products
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