malaria

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Jawahar navodaya vidyalaya
DHANANSU
LUDHIANA
PROJECT OF BIOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO -
SUBMITTED BY -
NAME manassemwal CLASS 2 A
ROLL NO. u45022
MR. alok sharma
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introduction

• The topic of the project is Protozoan Diseases.
  To prepare this project I take the help of my
  subject teacher, my friends some help from the
  internet. I download the pictures regarding
  protozoan diseases. I discuss about defination,
  symptoms controls of the protozoan diseases
  like maleria the amoebiasis etc.

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Certificate

• Name class
• Roll no.
• This is certified to the bonafide work of the
  student in the __________ subject during the
  academic year 2014 2015
  
• teacher in-charge
  ___________
• date __/__/____
• examiners sign. Principals
  sign.
• _____________
  ______________

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Protozoan diseases
1.) Malaria 2.) Amoebiasis so
many
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1.) Malaria

• Malaria is one of the major diseases which is
  caused by protozoan. Protozoan causes many
  diseases in the human beings. Malaria has been
  for thousands of years a very serious diseases of
  the tropical temperate regions. Prevalance of
  malaria continous to be one of the major health
  problem of devoloping countries. It was almost
  eliminated a few years back
  back with the effect of WHO our maleria
  National Maleria Eradication programme
  Programme (NMPE), but unfortunately
  unfortunately it has appeared again.

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• Plasmodium is a geneus of protozoa belonging
  to subphylum sporozoa, class telosprodia,
  includes causative agent of the malaria in man
  lower animals. Members of the genus plasmodium
  are collectivelly known as malaria known as
  malaria parasite, because they cause a horrible
  diseases called maleria.
• Malaria means mala bad area air,
  malaria term was given by macculoch in the
  1872. Ronalol ross established mosquito malaria
  relationship on the aug. 29,1897. Since this day
  is celebrated as mosquito day.

History of malaria
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Malaria position in world

• Malaria more common in devoloping countries as
  compared to devoloped countries. It is generally
  present in Kenya, Uganda, South Africa, India,
  Bangladesh, Pakistan, Srilanka where the
  temprature are high.

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HYPOTHESIS

• 1.) Parasite posses various forms complete
  their life cycle through alternative host
  reservoir.
• 2.) Parasite acquire resistant to pesticides like
  D. D. T.
• There are four species of plasmodium which cause
  the different kind of human malaria.
• A.) P. Vivax - it cause benign tertian malaria
  which attacks every third day i.E. After 48 hours
  the fever is mild seldom fatal.

Evidences
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• b.) P. Ovale - It also causes benign tertian
  malaria which recurs every 48 hours.
• c.) P. Malaria - It causes quartia malaria which
  recurs every fourth day i. e. after 72 hours.
• d.) P. Falciparum - It alone is capable of
  causing three type of malaria, quotidian malaria,
  which attacks almost daily, malignant tertian
  malaria but which occurs every 48 hours, but is
  very severe often fatal irregular malaria.
• e.) It reseve in some animals in normal
  conditions of animal like, monkey.
• f.) Resistant of mosquito against D.D.T.

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Life cycle of plasmodium vivax

• Plasmodium requires two hosts to complete its
  life cycle human mosquito.
• The infected female Anophelus mosquito transfer
  the infecious form of Plasmodium, i. e.
  sporozites to the human body by biting.
• The sporozites reach the liver
  cells, where they multiply.
• This is followed by their attack
  on red blood cells resulting
  in
  their rupture.

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• The ruptured RBCs release a toxin called
  haemozoin which is responsible for the high
  recurring fever, chills shivering.
• These parasites enter the female anopheles
  mosquitoes when they bite an infected person.
• In the body of the mosquitoes, they fertilise
  multiply in the stomach wall.
• Sporozoites are now stored in the salivary gland
  of the mosquito till it is again transferred to
  human body by a mosquito bite. After entering the
  human body, all the events are repeated.

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Vaccine for malaria

• Pre manual pat arroyo produced a vaccine against
  malaria in 1987 but in proved effective upto 60
  to 70 cases.
  
• The incubation period for malaria caused by
  Plasmodium Vivax is about 10 14 days.

Incubation period of malaria
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Malaria Symptoms

• The attack of malaria is preceded by Yawning
  tiredness, headache muscular pain. During the
  fever, the patient feels chilly shivers high
  temperature. After a few hour the body freely
  the temperature becomes normal. The cycle is
  repeated if no medicine is taken. This is also
  accompained by enlargement of spleen liver.

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Control of Malaria

• We control the malaria from
• Drain off or fill up all ditches, ponds etc.
• Cover the drains.
• Clear the sluggish.
• The adult mosquitoes can
  also be avoided by
  removing
  unnecessary thing around
  the house.

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2.) amoebiasis

• 1.) It is caused by an intestinal endoparasite,
  Entamoeba histolytica, found in the large
  intestine of the humans.
• 2.) Housefly act as a mechanical carrier
  transmits the
  the parasite from faeces of the
  fected infected person to
  the food.
• 3.) infection can
  take place through the the
  contaminated food water .

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symptoms

• If the the pain is present in the abdominal.
• Constipation.
• Cramps.
• Stool with excess mucous blood clots.
• Wash hands before eating
  ansything.
• Wash the fruits vegetables.

Control of amoebiasis
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Thanks
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CONTENT

• 
  
• Biomolecules
  01
• Proteins
  02
• Structure of proteins
  03-04
• Amino acids
  05
• Enzymes
  06
• Vitamins
  07
  
• Nucleic acids
  08
• Functions of nucleic acids 09
• Practicals
  10-

TOPIC PAGE NO.
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Certificate

• Name class
• Roll no.
• This is certified to the bonafide work of the
  student in the __________ subject during the
  academic year 2014 2015
  
• teacher in-charge
  ___________
• date __/__/____
• examiners sign. Principals
  sign.
• _____________
  ______________