Linux Operating System Online Training by QuontraSolutions

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Linux Operating System
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Operating system Linux
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What is Linux?
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Linux -is a freely distributed operating system
that behaves like the Unix operating system.
Linux was designed specifically for the PC
platform and takes advantage of its design to
give users comparable performance to high-end
UNIX workstations. Many big-name companies have
joined the Linux bandwagon such as IBM and
Compaq, offering systems pre-installed with
Linux. Also, many companies have started Linux
packages, such as Red Hat, Corel, and Samba.
However, they can only charge for services and
documentation packaged with the Linux software.
More and more businesses are using Linux as an
efficient and more economical way to run their
networks.
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• Linux is a complete multitasking, multi-user
  operating system that behaves like UNIX in terms
  of kernel behavior and peripheral support. Linux
  has all the features of UNIX and boasts of its
  open source code and mainly free utilities.
• The Linux kernel was originally developed for the
  Intel 80386, which was developed with
  multitasking as one of its features. The kernel
  is the lowest-level core factor of the operating
  system. The kernel is the code that controls the
  interface between user programs and hardware
  devices, the scheduling of processes to achieve
  multitasking, and many other aspects of the
  system.

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• The Linux kernel is a monolithic kernel all the
  device drivers are part of the kernel proper.
  Despite the fact that most of Intel's CPUs are
  used with single-tasking MS-DOS, Linux makes good
  use of the advanced multitasking features built
  into the CPU's instruction set. Linux supports
  demand paging, which means that only the sections
  of a program that are necessary are read into
  RAM. Linux also offers support for copy-on-write,
  a process that if more than one copy of a
  particular application is loaded, all tasks can
  share the same memory. When large memory
  requirements are needed and only small amounts of
  physical RAM are available, Linux has another
  feature called swap space

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• Swap space allows pages of memory to be written
  to a reserved area of a disk and treated as an
  extension of physical memory. By moving pages
  between the swap space and RAM, Linux can, in
  effect, act as if it had much more physical RAM
  than it does, with the cost of some speed due to
  the hard drive's slower access. Linux also
  supports diverse file systems, as well as those
  compatible with DOS and OS/2. Linux's file
  system, ext2fs, is intended for best possible use
  of the disk.

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The History of Linux
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History Linux is a freely distributable
version of UNIX. UNIX is one of the most popular
operating systems for networking worldwide
because of its large support base and
distribution. Linus Torvalds, who was then a
student at the University of Helsinki in Finland,
developed Linux in 1991. It was released for free
on the Internet and generated the largest
software-development phenomena of all time.
Because of GNU software (GNU being an acronym for
Gnu's Not UNIX) created by the Free Software
Foundation, Linux has many utilities to offer.
The Free Software Foundation offers royalty-free
software to programmers and developers. From the
very beginning, Linux has been entwined with GNU
software. From 1991, Linux quickly developed on
hackers' web pages as the alternative to Windows
and the more expensive UNIX systems.
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• When Red Hat released its commercial version of
  Linux packaged with tech support and
  documentation, the floodgates broke and the
  majority of the public became aware of Linux and
  its capabilities. Now more and more new users are
  willing to try Linux on their personal PCs and
  business users are willing to use Linux to run
  their networks. Linux has become the latest
  phenomenon to hit the PC software market. Linux
  is a unique operating system in that it is an
  active participant in the Open Source Software
  movement. Linux is legally covered by the GNU
  General Public License, also known as GPL.

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• Open Source software is free but is not in the
  public domain. It is not shareware either. GPL
  allows people to take free software and
  distribute their own versions of the software.
  However, the vendors who sell free software
  cannot restrict the rights of users who purchase
  the software. In other words, users who buy GPL
  software can make copies of it and distribute it
  free of charge or for a fee. Also, distributors
  of GPL software must make it clear that the
  software is covered by the GPL and must provide
  the complete source code for the software at no
  cost. Linux embodies the Open Source model. Open
  source applies to software for which the source
  code is freely available for anyone to download,
  alter, and redistribute.

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• Linux is the perfect operating system for
  hackers because they can freely download newer
  versions of the Linux kernel or other Linux
  utilities of the Internet and instantly change
  its source code to fix any software bugs found.
  That way, bugs can be fixed in a matter of hours
  as opposed to days and weeks. Beta testers and
  code debuggers are unorganized and spread
  throughout the world, but surprisingly, they have
  managed to quickly debug Linux software
  efficiently and cooperate online through the use
  of the Internet.

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Types of LINUX Operating Systems
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• RedHat Linux-
• Lately, RedHat has been making the headlines with
  it's Linux distribution. It is one of the most
  popular distributions out there right now, and
  supports the Intel, Alpha, and SPARC platforms.
  Many users prefer RedHat Linux because of its
  ease of use, installation, and live tech support.
  RedHat Linux primarily comes bundled with the X
  Windows System, GNOME and KDE desktop
  environments, as well as the StarOffice suite.

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• Linux Mandrake-
• Yet another rather popular distribution is Linux
  Mandrake. Similar to RedHat, it also bundles the
  X Windows System, GNOME, KDE, and StarOffice.
  What really distances Mandrake from RedHat Linux
  is its improved ease of use plus a few added
  extra tools and utilities.

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• Corel Linux-
• Although less popular than something like RedHat,
  Corel Linux continues to shine with its usability
  and ease of installation through its Install
  Express. It comes with only the KDE environment,
  but also includes WordPerfect for Linux instead
  of Sun's StarOffice.

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• Debian/GNU-
• Debian/GNU is intended for the more advanced
  Linux users out there. Although it is more
  difficult to use than other distributions,
  Debian/GNU is frequently chosen for web server
  purposes. Its stability and web adminstration
  tools are the reason many webmasters rely on
  Debian/GNU for their server environment.

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• Slackware- As one of the first distributions of
  Linux created, Slackware continues to be fairly
  popular. It also includes the usual X Window
  System, GNOME, and KDE. Slackware boasts
  excellent stability, at the expense of less
  updated code and more intermediate to advanced
  user appeal.

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• SuSE Linux- If you're looking full feature
  bundles with your Linux distribution, try SuSE
  Linux. Originally created by German programmers,
  this distribution has become quite popular in
  Europe and is gaining much recognition in the
  United States. Of course it includes the standard
  X Windows System, KDE and GNOME environments, but
  it distances itself from the other offerings by
  including a huge amount of bundled software. This
  distribution is also recommended for newer users.

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• Caldera Open Linux- Primarily designed for the
  business and power user, Caldera Linux focuses on
  internet applications. It includes a full
  collection of internet connectivity and access
  tools, and helps anyone take full of advantage of
  the internet through Linux.

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• Keep in mind that all of these distributions are
  very similar to each other, and their software
  bundles tend to be too. One major consideration
  that you should make when choosing a distribution
  is what you plan on using it for, and if you need
  particular software applications with it. Your
  best bet is to go and get an actual CD with the
  distribution, since it makes it much easier to
  install and run. You can always try to download
  it for free, but you'll probably end up finding
  it to be rather time consuming and difficult.
• For example, the best distributions for the new
  user would be RedHat, Mandrake, Corel, and SuSE.
  A power or internet-oriented user would probably
  choose something like Caldera, Slackware, or
  Debian/GNU.

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• Hard Drive Partioning
• This is the biggest problem that many
  new Linux users may have when they begin
  installation. Linux requires its own, individual
  partition, which is difficult to make on various
  systems. The most common problem is trying to
  make two partions out of one Windows partition.
  Unfortunately, there is no easy way to do this
  but to clear everything off your hard drive and
  starting from scratch by budgeting a space for
  Windows and Linux.

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• The ideal and easiest way to get Linux on a new
  partition, and effectively, on your comptuer, is
  to have a hard drive with two partitions. One of
  these partitions is a Windows/DOS partition,
  while the other one must be unused and can be any
  format. You can just simply change the unused
  partition to become a Linux partition, and load
  Linux right onto it.
• If you're stuck with one large partition on your
  only hard drive, you must reformat and make two
  partitions. Doing this will result in losing all
  your data... so make sure you backup everything
  before you begin. Even if you have extra space on
  your big Windows partition, you're still out of
  luck- you must re-partition your hard drive.

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• There are some third-party software programs that
  will let you resize or compress your current
  partition to free up space for another one. You
  are probably going to want to backup everything
  anyways, because you may end up with a hard drive
  with nothing on it if something goes wrong.
• You should probably use fdisk in DOS to help you
  make your two (or more) partitions.

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• Drivers
• Having the correct drivers is crucial
  to making sure your distribution of Linux runs
  correctly with your hardware. The new version of
  the X Windows System, XFree86 4.0 contains many
  new drivers that will let you run some of the
  newest hardware on the market. Of course, your
  manufacturer always has the best set of drivers
  for you hardware, so it's normally a good idea to
  check with them first.

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Although software for Linux is developing daily,
the support base for software in Linux is still
quite small compared to Windows. However,
software for Linux tends to be open-source and
free much like the operating system. And although
some software may not be as fancy as Windows
software, Linux software does the job, and it
does it well. This guide will attempt to go over
some basic Unix commands that will help you
navigate around the Linux, and this guide will
also review some of the major software in Linux
available for you.
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Software on Linux Running software on Linux
can be fun and can be a hassle. There are a ton
of programs out for Linux, but the trick is
choosing the one right for you. This is a brief
overview of some of the more common software.
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• LILO- If you have one or more other operating
  systems installed with Linux, LILO (Linux Loader)
  is a program that allows you to select which one
  to load at your computer's startup. Be warned,
  LILO messes with your Master Boot Record and if
  you mess with LILO, you could mess up your
  computer. (Trust me, it happened to me!) However,
  LILO is generally stable and easy to use.
  Distributions like Red Hat bundle LILO with their
  installation.

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• Office Suites- Want something like Microsoft
  Office, except for Linux? There are two major
  office suites available for Linux at this time.
  One is Corel's WordPerfect Suite. The other is a
  lesser known but equally as powerful Sun
  Microsystems StarOffice. Both allow users access
  to most of the features Microsoft Office has to
  offer. However, WordPerfect for Linux and
  StarOffice are free to download off the Internet.
  Corel Linux bundles its WordPerfect with its
  version.

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• Text Editors- Emacs Editor is a very popular text
  editor in the Linux world. There are many
  benefits to Emacs and it has become a standard
  for many Linuxers. Emacs is usually loaded with
  the distribution installation.

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• Emulators- Miss your favorite DOS or Windows
  application? Not to worry. There are plenty of
  emulators for Linux that allow users to run DOS
  or Windows files directly on the Linux system.
  Two popular DOS emulators are Dosemu and xdos.
  For the Windows emulation, the current project is
  Wine. Wine is still being developed but its
  promises are breathtaking. The ability to run
  Windows applications on Linux is definitely
  worthwhile and programs will run just as faster,
  maybe even faster with the Linux environment.
  Wine is the solution for many Linux users who
  like Linux but still use several important
  Windows applications

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• X Window System- This is the program that allows
  graphical interface on the Linux system. X
  Windows makes it easy to configure your system.
  Most distributions come with X Windows and
  install it when they install the Linux kernel. X
  is easy to use and makes Linux a whole lot
  friendlier.

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• Gaming- The gaming industry is just gaining speed
  on Linux. Companies like id are beginning to
  tailor to Linux gamers. Games like Quake 3 are
  beginning to have Linux versions in addition to
  Windows and Macintosh versions. However, many
  best-selling games like Starcraft have to be
  emulated on the Linux box using Wine.

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