Artificial Organ

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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS BY FELIX CHIBUZO OBI
(20144610) ISAAC TSADO (20144267) PWADUBASHIYI
COSTON PWAVODI(20143883) SUPERVISED BY LECTURER
TUGDEM MUSLU
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INTRODUCTION

• 1885 M. von Frey and M. Gruber (Leipzig) build
  and use the first artificial heart-lung apparatus
  for organ perfusion studies.
• 1925 G. Haas (Germany) performs first clinical
  hemodialysis of 5 patients, using a modification
  of the Hopkins artificial kidney.
• 1939 W. Thalheimer (New York) performs the first
  hemodialysis of a dog using cellophane membrane
  and heparin anticoagulation.
• 1943 W. Kolff (Kampen, The Netherlands) develops
  a rotating drum artificial kidney and later the
  Kolff-Brigham dialyzer (designed and constructed
  in Boston), which becomes the standard throughout
  the 1950s.
• And all the development leads to the 21st century
  inventions of modern artificial organs used in
  the body.

BRIEF HISTORY
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INTRODUCTION

• DEFINITION OF ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
• An Artificial organ may be defined as a human
  made device designed to replace, duplicate or
  augument, functionally or cosmetically a missing,
  diseased or otherwise incompetent part of the
  body, either temporarily or permanently and which
  requires a non-biologic material interface with
  the living tissue. (Galleti, 1995)

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DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

• Artificial organs can conveniently be classed
  into four groups
• (I)Bone/Joint Replacements (e.g. hip, knee,
  finger, total limb),
• (II)Skin/Soft Tissue Replacements (e.g. skin,
  breast, muscle),
• (III) Internal Organs (e.g. heart, kidney, blood
  vessels, liver, pancreas)
• (IV) Sensory Organs (e.g. eye, ear).

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MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

• The various processes involved in the
  manufacturing of artificial organs involve the
  following
• Tissue Engineering This is the use of a
  combination of cells, engineering and materials
  methods, and suitable biochemical and
  physico-chemical factors to improve or replace
  biological functions.
• Bioprinting or 3D printing of tissues
  Bioprinting, where living cells are precisely
  printed in a certain pattern, has great potential
  and promise for fabricating engineered living
  organs.
• Industrially by using biomaterials which includes
  metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
• In the laboratory by using stem cells under
  Regenerative Medicine.

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AREAS OF APPLICATIONS

• Artificial Bone
• Artificial Skin
• Bionics
• Biomedical Engineering
• Cochlear Implant
• Ocular prosthetic
• Organ Anantomy
• Organ Transplant
• Plastic Surgery
• Prosthesis
• Tissue Scaffold
• Decellularization and others.

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PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL ORGAN

• PROS
• 1. Artificial organs can replace diseased or
  damaged organs, thereby, providing the ailing
  patient with an opportunity to lead a healthy and
  normal life.
• 2. Artificial organs can meet the huge demand of
  healthy donor organs. There is a huge list of
  patients who are in urgent need of healthy organs
  but are unable to find a suitable willing donor.
• 3. A major stumbling block in the form of organ
  rejection can be solved due to artificial organs.
  As artificial organs are created by taking the
  stem cells of the same person and of the same
  organ, the possibility of rejection has been
  reduced significantly.
• 4.With the help of regenerative medicine or
  artificial organ therapy, burn victims can even
  have a new skin.

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PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL ORGAN

• CONS
• A major concern is the possible presence of the
  disease in the base tissue which is used to
  create the organ. Sometimes, even a foreign body
  tissue is used to regenerate or reconstruct the
  organ. In such cases, there is a possibility that
  the tissue is already infected by other diseases.
• The entire cost of growing and transplanting an
  artificial organ is prohibitive, and thus, limit
  the scope of its application to the general
  public.
• There are high chances of organ failure, and the
  body may even take some time to adapt to the new
  organ. How the body reacts to the new organ may
  vary from person to person. If there is a problem
  with the functioning of the organ, you might need
  to go for another transplant.
•  

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REFERENCES

• De Bakey, M.E. A simple continuous flow
  transfusion instrument. New Orleans Med Surgery
  Journal. 1934 87 386
• Galletti, P. M. and C. K. Colton, 1995a,
  Artificial Lungs and Blood-Gas Exchange Devices,
  in The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, J.
  Bronzino, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp
  1879-1897
• Gebelein, C.G.,"Prosthetic and Biomedical
  Devices,"in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
  Technology, 3rd ed., 1982 19,275-313 .
• Gebelein, C.G.Koblitz,F.F.,editions.,"Biomedical
  and Dental Applications of Polymers,"Plenum
  Publication.Corporation.,New York,1981 .

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