Curriculum design

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Curriculum Design

• By
• SAJEED GUL MS-LIS SCHOLAR
• SARHAD UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
  PESHAWAR

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CURRICULUM

• Latin( currie) Running course
• Scotland 1603 Carriage way,
  road
• US 1906 Course of
  study
• US1940 Plan for
  learning(study)
• In education ,curriculum is generally identified
  with the course of studies or lists of subjects
  prescribed for a course.

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Definitions

• Curriculum is a plan for learning.
• 
  (Taba,1962)
• The subjects that are included in a course of
  study or taught in a school, college etc.
• 
  (oxford)
• Curriculum is the tool in the hands of the artist
  (teacher) to mould his material
• (the students) according to his ideals (aims
  and objectives) in his studio( the School).
• 
  (Cunningham)

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Types of curriculum

• Spiral curriculum
• The spiral curriculum is a way of arranging
  complex subject matter for learning and
  instructions.
• Example
• In universities the students learn a simple
  content but in the subsequent years they learn
  the contents in more complex form .During the
  course of the study the student goes deeper into
  the subject matter of the studies.
• A year work in a subject may be spread over
  several years in terms of increasing maturity of
  the students.
• Advantages
• 1.Contents learnt in the previous year and
  in the subsequent years are inter-related.
• 2. The students can go deeper into the
  subject when his /her age increases.
• 3.A year work in subject can be spread
  over several years.

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Conti..

• Concentric curriculum
• It also a way of arranging complex subject matter
  for learning and instruction. It is similar to
  the spiral curriculum in the fact that simple
  concepts are arranged in the lower grades and
  difficult concepts are arranged in the higher
  grades. It is different from the spiral
  curriculum in the fact that there is no
  continuity in the concepts learnt in the lower
  grades and in the higher grades.
• Linear curriculum
• It is classified into
• Horizontal curriculum Vertical curriculum
• Horizontal curriculum
• It refers to the correlation of contents in the
  different subjects at a particular grade in order
  to strengthen a particular concept.
• Vertical curriculum
• In this curriculum the contents in a lower class
  are strengthen with advanced contents in a higher
  class.

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Conti.

• Example
• what is learned in science in the 9th
  class may be related to what is learned in
  science in the 10th class. In this type of
  curriculum the level of difficulty or complexity
  of contents increases with the grades.
• Pyramidal curriculum
• In this type of curriculum ,a part of the subject
  learnt at lower classes will be studied at higher
  classes .Thus ,when students go higher classes
  ,broad area of the subject comes to narrow.
• Example
• Science
  lower classes
• Biology
  Higher secondary
• Botany
  college studies
• one topic
  Research studies .

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Curriculum and Syllabus

• Curriculum refers to all the learning experiences
  provided to the learners by the teacher in the
  school.
• While a syllabus is a document which drives its
  content from the curriculum. It is a summary or
  an outline of a course of studies.
• Curriculum is a broad one, whereas the syllabus
  is the part of it.
• Importance of curriculum
• curriculum is not only important to run a
  course but also to improve the quality of
  education.
• The following points demonstrate the importance
  of curriculum.
• Achievement of educational aims.
• Fixing limits. (It is quite helpful in fixing
  limits of teaching and learning)
• Development of democratic values.( It is helpful
  to the students in developing democratic values
  such as liberty,equality,justice and so on.

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Conti..

• 4. Development of citizenship.
• Development of citizenship is one of the
  major responsibility of education. Suitable
  curriculum is helpful in achieving this aim of
  education.
• Development of character.
• There is no system of education which
  does not aim at developing character in the
  youth. Character such as truthfulness, loyalty,
  faithfulness, etc can be developed through
  suitable curriculum.
• Criteria of suitable teachers.(the curriculum
  mainly shows what types of teachers are needed
  in the schools.)
• Selection of suitable methods.
• Curriculum makes the teacher to select
  suitable methods of teaching How to teach.
• Development of personality.
• It develop physical, intellectual
  ,social ,culture of the educand.
• Discoveries and inventions.
• The main aim of curriculum is to
  encourage research and inventions at the
  university or higher level of education.

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Curriculum design and development

• Curriculum design and development depend on the
  following points
• 1. Evaluation of curriculum objectives.
• 2. Development of scheme of study.
• 3. Development of syllabus of each subject.
• 4.Development of textbook, Instructional
  materials.
• 5.Teaching training.
• The Role of Higher Education Commission in
  Curriculum development
• Federal Govt took responsibility to
  determine the current text boards, policy,
  planning and standards of education.
• In December 1976 federal govt appointed
  university grant commission (now HEC) as the
  competent authority to look after the curriculum
  revision work at bachelor and onwards.

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Conti..

• In 45th meeting of vice-chancellors committee
  its recommended that the UGC
• (HEC) should review the curriculum of
  particular discipline after every three (3)
  years.
• HEC adopted a procedure to review /revise
  curriculum.
• Curriculum development at higher education
  level.
• Steps involve in curriculum
  review/revision process.
• PHASE-1 Curriculum under consideration
• PHASE-2 Circulation of the draft curriculum
• PHASE-1 Curriculum under consideration
• Step 1 Constitution of National curriculum
  revision committee ( NCRC) in the subject. The
  vice chancellors of all universities, directors
  of colleges and industries related to the subject
  are requested to nominate their representatives
  for appointment of national curriculum review
  committee.

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Conti

• Step 2 Assessment /Analysis of the existing
  curriculum.
• The existing curriculum is circulated
  amongst the members of (NCRC)
• to discuss it with their colleagues a
  bring collective proposal for review and revision
  of existing curriculum in relation to
• objectives, scheme of the study, course
  contents, weight age, reading materials, teaching
  strategies etc.
• Step 3 NCRC meeting 1 and Draft
  preparation
• The first meeting of the NCRC is
  organized at the HEC headquarters Islamabad or
  one of its regional centers at Peshawar, Lahore
  and Karachi.
• The meeting draft at revised curricula ,
  after detail discussion and deliberation on the
  proposals prepared by the NCRC members.

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Conti..

• PHASE-2 Circulation of the draft curriculum
• Step 4 Appraisal of the first draft.
• The first draft prepared is circulated
  among the Universities, Institutions, and
  Organization and is viewed for its future
  improvement.
• The view/recommendations collected on the
  draft curriculum were deliberated upon to design
  and finalize the curriculum of specific subject
  of the study in a final meeting.
• Step 5 NCRC meeting -2
• Finalization of draft.
• The second meeting of the (NCRC) is
  held to finalize the draft of the revised
  curricula in the light of the comments/suggestions
  /recommendations received from the Colleges and
  Universities teachers and Institutions all over
  the country.
• The meeting would again take three 3 days
  to finalize a curriculum.

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Conti

• Step 6 Approval of the revised curriculum by the
  vice chancellors committee.
• The final draft curriculum is submitted to the
  vice chancellors committee for approval .
• Implementation
• The curriculum designed is printed and
  send to the universities /Institutions for its
  adoption after the approval of the competent
  authority.
• Factors effecting curriculum development
  in Pakistan
• 1. Lack of sequence. 6.Lake
  of follow up of actual curriculum
• Economic problem. Implementation
  in class room practice.
• Political interference. 7. Curriculum
  often deferent from the official
• Lack of teaching materials. Curriculum
  documentation.
• Lack of In-service training. 8. Lack of
  subject area expert.
• 
  

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CURRICULUM DESIGN LIFECYCLE
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contii

• 1. Communication It is the first stage of
  curriculum design .In this phase the planning is
  made to design a curriculum according to the need
  of society . Information and knowledge related to
  curriculum is exchanged with the experts.
•  
• 2. Resource It is very important regarding
  curriculum design. In this step it is consider
  that which types of resources would be used such
  as human resources and financial resources. The
  logistic resources is also look under
  consideration.
•  
• 3. Deliver Deliver means, to present the
  curriculum draft before the experts and subject
  specialists . It includes the whole plan to the
  concerned stakeholders of the course.

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Conti..

• 4. Support In this step support is gain from
  the subjects experts and people. It can be gained
  through forums, discussion with experts and
  social media etc.
•  
• 5. Assess An assessment the whole design and
  resources have to be assessed through technology.
  Similarly, the course design should be made
  available to all the stakeholders and get a
  proper assessment from the subject experts.
•  
• 6. Evaluate Evaluate means ' the process of
  judging of the quality of the work. In this phase
  an critical evaluation is conducted of a
  curricula . The main aim of evaluation is to
  check courses and teaching that increase students
  learning , by providing contents which are
  current , relevant and suitable for their needs.
• 7. Initiate or Review It is also important
  stage in which data is review for auditing. The
  changing is made according to its need. The data
  generated during assessment and evolution.
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• 8. Develop or Redevelop In this second last
  stage after the reviewing new data of learning is
  developed or the current data is redeveloped.
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• 9. Approval
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• This is the final phase of a curriculum design
  lifecycle in which the curriculum is sent for
  approval after all the process. It is approved by
  the competent authority and send it for
  implementation in different universities and
  colleges.
•  

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Conclusion and Recommendations

• Indeed curriculum is like a soul which exists in
  the education and if this soul is removed from
  education then education become like a Skelton.
• Education is now regarded as a dynamic process
  and curriculum is closely related to education.
  While education as the process , curriculum is a
  mean to the process. Education is the product
  and curriculum is the process of the product.
• For designing and developing a good Curriculum
  the following below recommendations should be
  noticed.
• National institutions of the country should be
  made aware of the objectives of curriculum in
  different areas of the subject .
• Teaching strategies should be developed for the
  achievement of the objectives of curriculum.
• Objectives should be derived on the basis of
  religious values .
• Quality of content material should be ensured
  before finalizing the curriculum draft .

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Conti..

• The selected concepts in content material should
  be presented from simple to complex.
• Suggestions from subject specialists should be
  invited for the improvement in the content.
• Vocational institutions should be given proper
  weightage in curriculum development process.
• During the formulation of the curriculum the
  opinion of the teacher should be given due
  weightage.
• Experts from different walks of life should share
  their ideas in curriculum development.
• Latest researches in curriculum development
  should be used to recognize the needs for
  updating the curriculum.
• Librarians should be given proper weight age in
  curriculum development process.
• Librarians should be the chief selectors of the
  curriculum committee.

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Conti.

• Study tours of different countries should be
  arranged for the subject specialists to study the
  process of curriculum development in those
  countries
• Public opinions should be invited through media
  for the improvement of curriculum .
• The members of curriculum review committee should
  be selected on merit.

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References

• Sharma,Promila.(2009).Principles of
  curriculum.Navin shahdara,Delhi-32S.B.Nangia.
• Kalaiyarasam,Dr.G.(2012).Curriculum development.
  Navin shahdara,Delhi-32S.B.Nangia.
• curriculum design and developed process in
  Pakistan.
• https//www.google.com/search?qcurriculumdesign
  anddevelopedprocessinpakistan.

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