9th Grade Health Test #6 PPT Notes

1
Health Test 6

• Chapters 19-21

2
The Role of Medicines

• Chapter 19 Lesson 1
• pp. 524-529

3
Types of Medicines

• Medicines are classified based on how they work
  in your body.
• Medicines drugs that are used to treat or
  prevent diseases or other conditions.
• Drugs substances other than food that change
  the structure or function of the body or mind.

4
Medicine

• Four Broad Categories
• Help Prevent Disease
• Fight Pathogens
• Relive Pain and Other Symptoms
• Manage chronic conditions, help maintain or
  restore health, and regulate bodys systems.

5
Preventing Disease

• Vaccines a preparation that prevents a person
  from contracting a specific disease.
• Contain weakened or dead pathogens that cause the
  disease.
• The protection for some vaccines however, fades
  over time.

6
Fighting Pathogens

• Antibiotics a class of drugs that destroy
  disease-causing microorganisms, called bacteria.
• Work either by killing harmful bacteria in the
  body or by preventing bacteria from reproducing.
• Only effective against bacteria.

7
Relieving Pain

• Analgesics pain relievers (most commonly used
  medicines).
• Example Aspirin relieves pain and reduces a
  fever.

8
Managing Chronic Conditions

• Allergy Medicines
• Body-Regulating Medicines
• Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Medicines
• Cancer Treatment Medicines
• Read p. 527 as a class.

9
Taking Medications

• Medicines enter the body in a variety of ways.
• Oral Medicine taken by mouth
• Topical Medicine applied to the skin
• Inhaled Medicine delivered in a fine mist
• Injected Medicine delivered through a shot

10
Reactions to Medications

• The effect of medicine depends on many factors.
• Side Effects reactions to medicine other than
  the one intended.

11
Medicine Interactions

• Additive Interaction occurs when medicines work
  together in a positive way.
• Synergistic Effect the interaction of two or
  more medicines that results in a greater effect
  than when each medicine is taken alone.
• Antagonistic Interaction occurs when the effect
  of one medicine is canceled or reduced when taken
  with another medicine.

12
Tolerance and Withdrawal

• When a person takes a medication for a long
  period of time, the body can get used to the
  medication.
• Tolerance a condition in which the body becomes
  used to the medicine.
• Withdrawal occurs when a person stops using
  medicine on which he or she has become
  physiologically dependent.

13
Myth Reality

• Myth A person with a serious illness should put
  off taking pain killers for as long as possible.
• Fact Putting off taking a painkiller until pain
  is almost unbearable could make managing the pain
  more difficult.

14
Using Medicines Safely

• Chapter 19 Lesson 2
• pp. 530-533

15
Big Idea

• Watch Video
• What does a drug company need to do to get
  permission to sell a new medicine?

16
Standards for Medicines

• Medicines are regulated to make them safe.
• All new medicines in the United States must meet
  standards set by the Food and Drug
  Administration.
• Read p. 530 as a class.

17
Prescription Medicines

• Prescription Medicines medicines that are
  dispensed only with the written approval of a
  licensed physician or nurse practitioner.
• Provide only the amount of medicine that is
  needed to treat your condition.

18
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines

• Over-the-Counter Medicines medicines you can
  buy without a doctors prescription are
  available without a prescription.
• The FDA considers these labels safe if they are
  used as the label directs.

19
Medicine Labels

• Look at Figure 19.7 Over-the-Counter Medicine
  as a class on p. 532.
• Watch video on the next slide!

20
Medicine Misuse

• Taking medicines unnecessarily or without
  following the label instructions is dangerous.
• Medicine Misuse involves using a medicine in
  ways other than the intended use.

21
Medicine Misuse

• Examples of Medicine Misuse
• Failing to follow instructions on or in the
  package.
• Giving a prescription medicine to a person for
  whom it was not prescribed, or taking another
  persons medicine.
• Taking too much or too little of a medicine.
• Taking a medicine for a longer or shorter period
  than prescribed or recommended.
• Discontinuing use of a medicine without informing
  your health care provider.
• Mixing medicines without the knowledge or
  approval of your health care provider.

22
Medicine Abuse

• Medicine Abuse intentionally taking medications
  for nonmedical reasons.

23
Medicine Abuse

• Abusing any medicine is dangerous and illegal.
  Avoid using drugs t0
• To lose weight or stay awake while studying.
• To fit in with peers.
• Avoid taking any medicine that was prescribed to
  someone else.
• Drug Overdose a strong, sometimes fatal
  reaction to taking a large amount of a drug.

24
The Health Risks of Tobacco Use

• Chapter 20 Lesson 1
• pp. 542-547

25
Dangers of Tobacco Use

• 26 of teens have reported current tobacco use
  cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco.
• Over 6.4 million children who are alive today
  will die of a smoking-related disease.

26
Health Risks of Tobacco Use

• All forms of tobacco contain chemicals that are
  dangerous to your health.
• What is the truth about tobacco?
• All tobacco products display warning labels
  stating that using tobacco products can be
  harmful to an individuals health.
• Look at Figure 20.1 on p. 543 as a class.

27
Nicotine

• Addictive Drug a substance that causes
  physiological or psychological dependence.
• Nicotine the addictive drug found in all
  tobacco products.
• Stimulant a drug that increases the action of
  the central nervous system, heart, and other
  organs.

28
Poisonous Substances in Tobacco Smoke

• Tobacco is an addictive and toxic drug.
• Carcinogen a cancer-causing substance tobacco
  smoke contains tar and carbon-monoxide.
• Tar a thick, sticky, dark fluid produced when
  tobacco burns.
• Carbon Monoxide a colorless, odorless, and
  poisonous gas.

29
Pipes, Cigars, and Smokeless Tobacco

• No tobacco product is safe to use.
• Smokeless Tobacco tobacco that is sniffed
  through the nose, held in the mouth, or chewed.
• Leukoplakia thickened, white, leathery-looking
  spots on the inside of the mouth that can develop
  into oral cancer.

30
Harmful Effects of Tobacco Use

• Tobacco use causes both short-term and long-term
  damage to your body.
• Short Term Effects
• Brain chemistry changes.
• Respiration and heart rate increases.
• Taste buds are dulled and appetite is reduced.
• Users have bad breath, yellowed teeth, and smelly
  hair, skin, and clothes.

31
Long-Term Effects

• Chronic Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Lung Cancer
• Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke
• Weakened Immune System
• Read p. 545 as a class and look at Figure 20.4 on
  p. 546.

32
Smokers vs. Non-Smokers Lung
33
Other Consequences of Tobacco Use

• As well as health risks, tobacco use is costly.
• Costs to society.
• Tobacco related illnesses cost the United States
  167 billion each year.
• Cost to individuals.
• A person smoking 1 pack of cigarettes a day will
  spend about 3,561 a year on the habit.
• Legal Consequences.
• Selling tobacco products to individuals under the
  age of 18 is illegal. Using tobacco products on
  school property may lead to suspension or
  expulsion.

34
Myth Reality

• Myth Air pollution is much more harmful than
  environmental tobacco smoke indoors.
• Fact The risk a person has for developing
  cancer from carcinogens in environmental tobacco
  smoke is 100 times greater than the risk for
  developing cancer from carcinogens in the air
  outside.

35
Choosing to Live Tobacco-Free

• Chapter 20 Lesson 2
• pp. 548-552

36
Teens and Tobacco

• Fewer teens are starting to use tobacco.
• Why Some Teens Use Tobacco
• Cope with Stress
• Help Lose Weight Read p. 548
• Make them seem mature
• All of the above reasons of why they smoke are
  not valid.

37
Reduced Tobacco Use Among Teens

• More teens recognize the health risks of tobacco
  use and are avoiding the use of tobacco products.
  The Centers for Disease Control reports that 88
  percent of high school students nationwide do not
  smoke. This number is up from 65 percent just a
  few years ago.

38
Factors Contributing To Declined Tobacco Use
Among Teens

• Tobacco Legislation
• No-Smoking Policies
• Family Values
• Positive Peer Pressure
• Health Risks

39
Benefits of Living Tobacco-Free

• A tobacco-free lifestyle has many benefits.
• Benefits
• Better Cardiovascular Health
• Better Lung Function
• Reduce Your Risk of Acquiring a Disease
• Sense of Freedom

40
Strategies for Avoiding Tobacco

• Surround yourself with positive influences.
• Reduce peer pressure.
• Be prepared with refusal skills.

41
Quitting Tobacco Use

• There are good reasons for quitting tobacco use.
• Teens who use tobacco give these reasons for
  quitting
• They begin to have health problems, such as
  asthma, coughing, or respiratory infections.
• They realize the high cost of tobacco or find it
  difficult to purchase tobacco products if they
  are under 18.

42
Reasons For Quitting Tobacco Use

1. They realize that using tobacco can lead to other
   risky behaviors, such as the use of alcohol and
   other drugs.
2. They understand the damaging effects of
   secondhand smoke and do not want to harm others.
3. They feel more powerful because they are not
   controlled by an addiction to nicotine.

43
Ending the Addiction Cycle

• Nicotine Withdrawal the process that occurs in
  the body when nicotine, an addictive drug, is no
  longer used.
• Nicotine Substitutes products that deliver
  small amounts of nicotine into the users system
  while he or she is trying to give up the tobacco
  habit.
• Examples Gum, Patches, Nasal Sprays, and Inhalers

44
Getting Help to Quit Tobacco Use

• Prepare for the quit day.
• Get support and encouragement.
• Access professional health services.
• Tobacco Cessation Program a course that
  provides information and help to people who want
  to stop using tobacco.
• Replace tobacco use with healthy behaviors.

45
Promoting a Smoke-Free Environment

• Chapter 20 Lesson 3
• pp. 553-557

46
Health Risks of Tobacco Smoke

• Tobacco smoke can harm nonsmokers.
• Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) air that has
  been contaminated by tobacco smoke (secondhand
  smoke).
• Mainstream Smoke the smoke exhaled from the
  lungs of a smoker.
• Sidestream Smoke the smoke from the burning end
  of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar.

47
Health Risks to Nonsmokers

• Secondhand smoke causes about 3,000 deaths from
  lung cancer every year. ETS causes eye
  irritation, headaches, ear infections, and
  coughing in people of all ages.

48
Health Risks to Unborn Children and Infants

• Choosing to live tobacco free is one of the
  healthiest choices a pregnant female can make for
  her baby.
• Read p. 554 as a class.

49
Health Risks to Young Children

• Children of smokers tend to have a higher
  incidence of sore throats, ear infections, and
  upper respiratory problems than children of
  nonsmokers.
• Secondhand smoke can slow lung development.
  Children who live with smokers are more likely to
  have weaker lungs than children of nonsmokers.
• Also, children learn by example. The children of
  smokers are more than twice as likely to smoke
  themselves.

50
Reducing Your Risks

• You can take action to reduce the effects of ETS.
• Read p. 555 as a class.
• Creating a Smoke-Free Society
• In most states, it is illegal to sell tobacco to
  teens under the age of 18, and it is illegal to
  smoke in public places.

51
Supporting National Health Goals

• One of the goals of Healthy People 2010 is to
  reduce tobacco use and the number of
  tobacco-related deaths.

52
The Health Risks of Alcohol Use

• Chapter 21 Lesson 1
• pp. 566-571

53
Alcohol

• Alcohol is an addictive drug.
• Ethanol the type of alcohol in alcoholic
  beverages.
• Fermentation the chemical action of yeast on
  sugars.

54
Short-Term Effects of Alcohol

• Alcohol impairs the central nervous system.
• Depressant a drug that slows the central
  nervous system.
• Example Alcohol
• Intoxication the state in which the body is
  poisoned by alcohol or another substance, and the
  persons physical and mental control is
  significantly reduced.

55
Factors that Influence Alcohols Effects

• Body Size
• Gender
• Food
• Rate of Intake
• Amount
• Medicine
• Read p. 567 as a class!

56
Class Discussion

• How can alcohol use decrease your performance in
  activities that you enjoy?
• Look at Figure 21.7 on p. 568 as a class.

57
Alcohol and Drug Interactions

• The body may absorb the drug or alcohol more
  slowly increasing the length of time that alcohol
  or the drug is in the body.
• Alcohol use can decrease the effectiveness of
  some medications, and increase the effectiveness
  of others.
• Enzymes in the body can change some medications
  into chemicals that can damage the live or other
  organs.

58
Long-Term Effects of Alcohol

• Alcohol use can have negative effects on a
  persons health.
• Long-Term Effects
• Damage to brain cells and a reduction in brain
  size.
• Increase in blood pressure, which may lead to a
  heart attack or stroke.
• Buildup of fat cells in the liver, which can lead
  to cell death.
• Damage to the digestive lining of the stomach
  causing ulcers and cancer of the stomach.
• Destruction of the pancreas.

59
Binge Drinking and Alcohol Poisoning

• Consuming a large amount of alcohol over a short
  period of time can be fatal.
• Binge Drinking drinking five ore more alcoholic
  drinks at one sitting.
• Alcohol Poisoning a severe and potentially
  fatal physical reaction to an alcohol overdose.

60
Effects of Alcohol Poisoning

• Mental confusion or stupor
• Coma and an inability to be roused
• Vomiting and seizures
• Slow respiration
• Irregular heartbeat
• Hypothermia or low body temperature

61
Choosing to Live Alcohol-Free

• Chapter 21 Lesson 2
• pp. 572-577

62
Statistics

• 24 percent of teens had consumed alcohol before
  the age of 13.

63
Alcohol Use

• Several factors influence teen alcohol use.
• Psychological Dependence a condition in which a
  person believes that a drug is needed in order to
  feel good or to function normally.
• Physiological Dependence a condition in which
  the user has a chemical need for a drug.

64
Factors that Influence Alcohol Use

• Peer Pressure
• Family
• Media Messages
• Read p. 572 as a class.

65
Health Risks of Alcohol

• Alcohol can harm more than just your health.
• Alcohol and the Law
• It is illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to
  buy, possess, or consume alcohol.
• Alcohol and Violence
• Alcohol and Sexual Activity Read p. 574

66
Alcohol and the Family

• Alcohol Abuse the excessive use of alcohol.
• Alcoholism a disease in which a person has a
  physical or psychological dependence on drinks
  that contain alcohol.
• It is estimated that 25 of all youth are exposed
  to alcohol abuse.

67
Alcohol and School

• Most schools have adopted a zero-tolerance policy
  for students found using alcohol on school
  property.

68
Avoiding Alcohol

• You will experience many benefits if you choose
  to live alcohol-free.
• Benefits
• Maintaining a healthy body.
• Establishing healthy relationships.
• Making healthy decisions.
• Avoiding risky behaviors.
• Avoiding illegal activity.
• Avoiding violence.
• Achieving your goals.

69
Refusing Alcohol

• At times, it may be difficult to avoid situations
  in which you are pressured to use alcohol.
  Saying no is much easier when you know how you
  will respond before you are faced with the
  situation.
• Some examples of refusal statements p. 577

70
The Impact of Alcohol Abuse

• Chapter 21 Lesson 3
• pp. 578-583

71
BAC

• Drinking and driving is very dangerous.
• Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) the amount of
  alcohol in a persons blood, expressed as a
  percentage.

72
Alcohol In The Blood

• Any amount of alcohol in the blood can cause the
  following
• Slow reflexes
• Reduced ability to judge distances and speeds
• Increase in risk-taking behaviors
• Reduced concentration and increased forgetfulness

73
Driving While Intoxicated

• Driving while intoxicated is illegal. Adult
  drivers who have a BAC of 0.08 can be charged
  with drunk driving. For those under 21 there is
  no acceptable BAC since its illegal to use
  alcohol.

74
Consequences for DUI

• Injuries to or death of the driver and others.
• Arrest, jail time, court appearance and fine or
  bail, a police record, and possible lawsuits.
• Severely restricted driving privileges and/or
  immediate confiscation of drivers license.
• Higher auto insurance rates or a canceled
  insurance policy.

75
Statistics

• Approximately 17,000 people die in
  alcohol-related crashes each year.

76
Alcohol and Pregnancy

• A female who drinks during pregnancy can harm her
  fetus.
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome a group of
  alcohol-related birth defects that include
  physical and mental problems.

77
Effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• Small head and deformities of face, hands, or
  feet
• Heart, liver, and kidney defects
• Vision and hearing problems
• Central nervous system problems, developmental
  disabilities, and poor coordination
• Difficulties learning and short attention span
• Hyperactivity, anxiety, and social withdrawal
• FAS is one of the leading preventable causes of
  mental retardation.

78
Alcoholism

• Alcoholism is a disease that affects the person
  who drinks and others around him or her.
• Symptoms of Alcoholism
• Craving
• Loss of Control
• Physical Dependence
• Tolerance

79
Alcoholics

• Alcoholic an addict who is dependent on
  alcohol.
• Stages of Alcoholism
• Stage 1 Abuse
• Stage 2 Dependence
• Stage 3 Addiction
• Read p. 582

80
Effects on Family and Society

• Alcohol abuse plays a role in crimes and has
  negative effects on people who are around problem
  drinkers.
• THE UNITES STATES IS HOME TO AN ESTIMATED 17
  MILLION ALCOHOLICS AND PROBLEM DRINKERS.

81
Treatment for Alcohol Abuse

• Alcoholics can recover if they get treatment.
• Recovery the process of learning to live an
  alcohol-free life.
• Sobriety living without alcohol.