9th Grade Health Test #7 - Diseases and Disorders

1
Health Test 7

• Chapters 23-25

2
Understanding communicable diseases

• Chapter 23 Lesson 1
• pp. 628-632

3
Understanding the Causes of Communicable Diseases

• Communicable diseases are caused by several kinds
  of microorganisms.
• Communicable Disease a disease that is spread
  from one living organism to another or through
  the environment.
• Infection a condition that occurs when
  pathogens in the body multiply and damage cells.

4
Viruses

• Virus piece of genetic material surrounded by a
  protein coat.
• In order to reproduce, viruses invade the cells
  of living organisms.
• Two of the most common communicable diseases are
  the cold and flu which are caused by viruses.

5
Bacteria

• Bacteria single-celled microorganisms that live
  almost everywhere on earth.
• Most bacteria are harmless. Some are even
  helpful, like the ones that help you digest food.
• Toxins substances that kill cells or interfere
  with their functions.
• Disease-causing bacteria can produce this.

6
Other Pathogens

• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Rickettsias
• Read p. 630 as a class.

7
How Diseases Spread

• Diseases can be transmitted in a variety of ways.
• How diseases are spread
• Direct Contact
• Indirect Contact

8
Direct Contact

• Many pathogens are transmitted through direct
  contact with an infected person. This includes
  touching, biting, kissing, and sexual contact.
• Other transmission methods
• Puncture Wounds
• Childbirth
• Contact with infected animals

9
Indirect Contact

• You dont have to be in direct contact with a
  person to become infected.
• Transmission Methods
• Contaminated Objects
• Vectors an organism that carries and transmits
  pathogens to humans or other animals.
• Contaminated Food and Water

10
Airborne Transmission

• When an infected person sneezes or coughs,
  pathogens are released into the air as tiny
  droplets that can travel as far as 10 feet.

11
Taking Precaution

• You can take steps to prevent infection.
• Wash Your Hands
• Protect Yourself from Vectors
• Other Prevention Strategies

12
Wash Your Hands

• Always wash your hands
• Before you eat.
• After you use the bathroom.
• After handling pets.
• Before and after inserting contact lenses or
  applying makeup.
• After touching an object handled by an infected
  person.

13
Protect Yourself from Vectors

• Limit time you spend outdoors at dawn and dusk.
• Wear pants and long-sleeved shirts to avoid
  insect bites.
• Use insect repellant, and avoid contact with dead
  birds.

14
Other Prevention Strategies

• Avoid sharing personal items, such as eating
  utensils.
• Handle food properly.
• Eat well and exercise.
• Avoid tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs.
• Abstain from sexual contact.
• Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and
  wash your hands after using a tissue.

15
Common communicable diseases

• Chapter 23 Lesson 2
• pp. 633-637

16
Respiratory Infections

• Many diseases begin as respiratory infections.
• Respiratory Infections the passageway that
  makes breathing possible.

17
Habits to Help You Avoid Getting Sick

• Avoid close contact with sick people.
• Wash your hand often.
• Avoid touching your mouth, eyes, and nose.
• Eat right and get physical activity to strengthen
  your immune system.
• Abstain from smoking.

18
Common Cold

• Mucous Membrane the linking of various body
  cavities, including the nose, ears, and mouth.
• Most Common Symptoms
• Sneezing
• Sore Throat
• Runny Nose
• There is no cure for the cold. Your body has to
  fight it off, since it is caused by a virus.

19
Influenza

• Flu (influenza) is a viral infection of the
  respiratory tract.
• Symptoms
• High Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Muscle Aches
• Coughing
• Viral infection as well that your body has to
  fight off by itself.

20
Pneumonia

• Pneumonia an infection of the lungs in which
  the air sacs fill with pus and other liquids.
• Symptoms are similar to that of the flu.
• Pneumonia can be caused by a virus or bacteria.

21
Strep Throat

• Strep Throat bacterial infection spread by
  direct contact with an infected person or through
  airborne transmission.
• Symptoms
• Sore Throat
• Fever
• Enlarged Lymph Nodes in Neck

22
Tuberculosis

• Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease that
  usually attacks the lungs.
• Symptoms
• Fatigue
• Coughing
• Fever
• Weight Loss
• Night Sweats
• Treated with antibiotics!

23
Hepatitis

• There are three common types of hepatitis.
• Hepatitis- a viral infection that causes
  inflammation of the liver.
• Symptoms
• Jaundice a yellowing of the skin and eyes.
• Cirrhosis scarring of the liver

24
Hepatitis

• Three Types
• Hepatitis A usually attacks the digestive
  system.
• Hepatitis B similar symptoms as Hepatitis A,
  but it can cause liver failure and cirrhosis.
• Hepatitis C the most common blood-borne
  infection in the United States.
• Read p. 636 as a class.

25
Other Communicable Diseases

• Stay informed about communicable diseases.
• Respiratory infections and hepatitis are the most
  common.
• Look at Figure 23.4 on p. 636 as a class.

26
Fighting Communicable diseases

• Chapter 23 Lesson 3
• pp. 638-644

27
Physical and Chemical Barriers

• Physical and chemical barriers make up your
  bodys first line of defense against pathogens.
• Physical Barriers Ex Skin
• Chemical Barriers Ex Enzymes in Tears
• Look at p. 639 Figure 23.5 as a class.

28
The Immune System

• Your bodys immune system is your best ally in
  the fight against communicable diseases.
• Immune System a network of cells, tissues,
  organs, and chemicals that fights off pathogens.

29
The Inflammatory Response

• Inflammatory Response a reaction to tissue
  damage caused by injury or infection.
• How It Works
• Sends more blood to the affected area.
• Fluid and cells from the bloodstream cause
  swelling.
• Phagocytes white blood cells that attack
  invading pathogens surround the pathogen.
• The body begins to repair itself.

30
Specific Defenses

• Antigens substances that can trigger an immune
  response.
• Immunity the state of being protected against a
  particular disease.

31
Lymphocytes

• Lymphocytes a specialized white blood cell that
  coordinates and performs many functions of
  specific immunity.
• 2 Types
• T Cells
• B Cells

32
T Cells

• Helper T Cells trigger the production of B
  cells and killer T cells.
• Killer T Cells attack and destroy the infected
  body cells.
• Suppressor T Cells turn off the helper T cells
  when the infection has been cleared.

33
B Cells

• Produce antibodies.
• Antibody a protein that acts against a specific
  antigen.
• Purposes of Antibodies
• Attach to antigens and mark them for destruction.
• Destroy invading pathogens.
• Block viruses from entering body cells.

34
Immune System Memory

• Your immune system remembers the antigens it
  has dealt with in the past.
• Read p. 641 as a class.
• Look at Figure 23.6 on p. 641.
• Active immunity this type of immunity develops
  from natural or artificial processes.
• Vaccine a preparation of dead or weakened
  pathogens that are introduced into the body to
  stimulate an immune response.

35
Passive Immunity

• Natural passive immunity occurs when antibodies
  are passed from the mother to the child during
  pregnancy or while nursing.

36
Prevention Strategies

• Strategies for preventing the spread of disease
  include practicing healthful behaviors, tracking
  diseases, and getting vaccinations.

37
Tracking Reportable Diseases

• Agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control
  (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO)
  keep a constant watch on the spread of diseases
  around the world.

38
Vaccinations

• Types
• Live-virus vaccines
• Killed-virus vaccines
• Toxoids
• New and second-generation viruses
• Read p. 643-644 as a class.

39
Emerging diseases and pandemics

• Chapter 23 Lesson 4
• pp. 644-649

40
Statistics

• In 2007, there were 1,397,187 reported cases of
  Salmonella contamination in the U.S.
• At least 400 people die each year from sever
  cases of Salmonella contamination.

41
Emerging Infections

• Some diseases are becoming more dangerous and
  widespread.
• Emerging Infections communicable diseases whose
  occurrence in humans has increased within the
  past two decades or threatens to increase in the
  near future.
• Look at Figure 23.8 as a class on p. 646.

42
Emerging Infections

• Avian Influenza caused by a virus that occurs
  naturally among birds.
• H1N1 Virus a respiratory virus normally found
  in pigs.
• Salmonella and E. Coli bacteria that sometimes
  lives in animals intestinal tract.
• Recreational Water Illnesses water is
  contaminated by harmful bacteria.
• Giardia a microorganism that infects the
  digestive system.

43
Other Emerging Infections

• HIV/AIDS it is spreading quickly and has become
  a global health threat.
• Lyme Disease transmitted to humans through a
  tick bit.
• West Nile Virus transmitted through a mosquito
  bite.
• SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome.
• Mad Cow Disease affects the brain.

44
How Diseases Affect the World

• Diseases can spread with amazing speed.
• Epidemic a disease outbreak that affects many
  people in the same place and at the same time.
• Pandemic a global outbreak of an infectious
  disease.

45
The Impact of Travel

• The mobility of people in our globalized world
  contributes to the spread of disease. For
  example, an American tourist can pick up and
  infection in another country, return home, and
  spread it to his family, friends, and coworkers.

46
Mutation of Pathogens

• Some pathogens have mutated into new forms that
  are resistant to antibiotics.
• 3 Step Process of Becoming Drug Resistant
  (Pathogen)
• Pathogens invade the body and cause illness.
• Antibiotics attack the pathogens.
• The pathogens that survive the antibiotics
  reproduce, creating a new generation of
  drug-resistant pathogens.

47
Sexually transmitted diseases

• Chapter 24 Lesson 1
• pp. 658-663

48
Big Idea

• Watch Video
• What different types of STDs have you heard
  about?

49
What Are STDs

• Anyone who has sexual contact with another person
  risks contracting a sexually transmitted disease.
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases infections spread
  from person to person through sexual contact.
• Also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections.
• Communicable diseases that can be easily
  transmitted from one person to another.

50
STDs

• Asymptomatic individuals show no symptoms, or
  the symptoms are mild and disappear after the
  onset of the infection.
• Several of the most common STDs show no
  symptoms.
• Females are more likely to suffer complications
  from STDs and the effects are more serious in
  females than in males.

51
Common STDs

• There are approximately 25 different STDs six of
  which are considered the most common.
• Genital HPV Infections
• Chlamydia
• Genital Herpes
• Gonorrhea
• Trichomoniasis
• Syphilis
• Read pp. 661-662 as a class!

52
The STD Epidemic

• Accurate health information and responsible
  behavior will help fight the STD epidemic.
• Many STD cases go undiagnosed and untreated
  because
• Embarrassment or Fear
• Lack of Symptoms
• Misinformation
• Notification Policies

53
STD Review

• Bacterial infections can be cured with
  antibiotics. Viral infections cannot be treated
  with antibiotics.

54
Preventing and Treating STDs

• Chapter 24 Lesson 2
• pp. 664-668

55
Prevention Through Abstinence

• The most successful method to prevent the spread
  of STDs is abstinence.
• About 9 million American teens contract STDs
  annually.
• Some can be treated with antibiotics such as
  chlamydia and gonorrhea.
• Antibiotic a class of chemical agents that
  destroy disease-causing microorganisms while
  leaving the patient unharmed.

56
To Help Protect Your Health

• Read p. 665 Guidelines as a class
• Each month, about 750,000 teens are diagnosed
  with an STD.

57
Avoiding High Risk Behaviors

• High Risk Behaviors Include
• Being sexually active with one or more than one
  person.
• Engaging in unprotected sex.
• Engaging in sexual activity with high-risk
  partners.
• Using alcohol and other drugs.

58
HPV Vaccine

• HPV Vaccine a vaccine that can prevent cervical
  cancer, pre-cancerous genital lesions, and
  genital warts caused by genital HPV infection.
• Health officials recommend this vaccine for
  females 9-26 years old.

59
Diagnosing and Treating STDs

• Only a health care professional can accurately
  diagnose and treat an STD.
• If STDs are not diagnosed and treated early,
  serious long term consequences can result.

60
Act Responsibly

• What does that mean?
• Abstain from sexual contact of any kind until you
  are married practice abstinence.

61
HIV/AIDS

• Chapter 24 Lesson 3

62
What is HIV/AIDS

• HIV/AIDS weakens the bodys immune system.
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus a virus that
  attacks the immune system.
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) a
  disease in which the immune system is weakened.

63
AIDS Statistics

• AIDS has become one of the deadliest in human
  history.
• Approximately 12 million of the people who have
  HIV/AIDS are in the 15 to 24 age group.
• Half of all new HIV infections are among young
  people. Every day about 7,000 young people
  become infected.
• HIV infection is a worldwide concern.

64
Understanding HIV/AIDS

• HIV/AIDS is transmitted in a variety of ways.
• HIV is transmitted among humans only when one
  persons infected blood, semen, or vaginal
  secretions comes in contact with another persons
  broken skin or mucous membrane.

65
HIV Is Spread In 3 Ways

• During sexual intercourse.
• By sharing needles.
• From mother to baby.

66
How HIV/AIDS Affects the Immune System

• HIV attacks the bodys immune system by
  destroying lymphocytes.
• Figure 24.8 on p. 672 shows how HIV attacks cells.

67
Stages of HIV/AIDS

• Asymptomatic Stage
• Middle Stage
• Symptomatic Stage
• AIDS Stage
• Read pp. 671-672 as a class.

68
Preventing and Treating HIV/AIDS

• Chapter 24 Lesson 4
• pp. 674-679

69
Preventing HIV/AIDS

• There are many actions you can take to avoid
  contracting HIV/AIDS.
• The CDC estimates that about 25 percent of the
  people in the United States who are infected with
  HIV do not know they are infected.

70
Protect Yourself From HIV

• Practice abstinence.
• Do not share needles.
• Avoid situations where drug and alcohol use might
  compromise your decision making.
• Use refusal skills when you feel pressured to
  engage in risky behaviors.

71
Diagnosing HIV/AIDS

• Several tests are used to diagnose HIV/AIDS.
• Typically a blood sample or an oral specimen from
  between the inside of the cheek and gum is
  collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis.

72
Types of Laboratory HIV Tests

• EIA Test a test that screens for the presence
  of HIV antibodies in the blood.
• Western Blot Test a test that detects HIV
  antibodies and confirms the results of earlier
  EIA tests.
• Rapid Test an HIV test that produces results in
  only 20 minutes.

73
Benefits of Early Diagnosis

• Begin proper medical care early to slow the
  progress of the virus.
• Avoid behaviors that could spread HIV to others.
• Gain peace of mind when the results are negative.

74
Treating HIV/AIDS

• Medications can slow the growth of HIV/AIDS, but
  there is no cure.
• To slow the growth of the AIDS virus, people take
  a combination of drugs, a treatment known as
  highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
• In 2006, the FDA approved a once-daily, single
  pill treatment for HIV/AIDS.

75
Cardiovascular Disease

• Chapter 25 Lesson 1
• pp. 688-694

76
Statistics

• An estimated 47 of cardiac deaths occur before
  emergency services or transport to a hospital.
• Worldwide, coronary heart disease kills more than
  seven million people each year.

77
Cardiovascular Disease

• The heart, blood, and blood vessels are at risk
  for a number of potentially serious diseases.
• Noncommunicable Disease a disease that is not
  transmitted by another person, vector, or the
  environment.
• Cardiovascular Disease a disease that affects
  the heart or blood vessels.

78
Types of Cardiovascular Disease

• There are many different types of CVDs.
• Types
• Hypertension
• Atherosclerosis

79
Hypertension

• Hypertension high blood pressure.
• Can damage the heart, blood vessels, and other
  body organs if it continues over a long period of
  time.

80
Atherosclerosis

• Atherosclerosis a disease characterized by the
  accumulation of plaque on artery walls.
• Arteriosclerosis hardened arteries with reduced
  elasticity.
• Look at Figure 25.1 as a class on p. 689.

81
Diseases of the Heart

• Every day your heart pumps about 100,000 times,
  moving blood to all parts of your body.
• Angina Pectoris chest pain that results when
  the heart does not get enough oxygen.
• Arrhythmias irregular heartbeats.

82
Heart Attack

• Heart Attack occurs when a reduced or blocked
  blood supply damages the heart muscle.
• About 25 of heart attacks produce no symptoms or
  unusual symptoms such as shortness of breath.

83
Warning Signs of a Heart Attack

• Pressure, fullness, squeezing, or aching in the
  chest area.
• Pain spreading to arms, neck, jaw, abdomen, or
  back.
• Chest discomfort, with shortness of breath,
  lightheaded feeling, sweating, nausea, or
  vomiting.
• Call 911 immediately!

84
Congestive Heart Failure

• This occurs when the heart gradually weakens and
  can no longer maintain its regular pumping rate
  and force.
• Congestive heart failure cannot be cured, but it
  can improve through continuous treatment.

85
Stroke

• Stroke an acute injury in which blood flow to
  the brain is interrupted.
• Cerebral Hemorrhage a stroke that occurs because
  of a burst of blood vessels.
• Warning Signs of a Stroke
• Severe headache
• Numbness on one side of the body
• Confusion
• Trouble Walking
• Dizziness
• Trouble seeing out of one or both eyes

86
What Teens Need To Know

• Cardiovascular Disease can begin during the teen
  years.
• Risk Factors
• Heredity
• Gender
• Age
• Read p. 693 as a class.

87
Risk Factors You Can Control

• Look at Figure 25.4 on p. 693 as a class.
• What are at least 3 decisions you could make
  today to reduce your risk of cardiovascular
  disease?

88
Cancer

• Chapter 25 Lesson 2
• pp. 695-701

89
What Is Cancer?

• Cancer has a variety of forms and affects
  different areas of the body.
• Cancer the uncontrollable growth of abnormal
  cells.
• Tumor an abnormal mass of tissue that has no
  natural role in the body.

90
Terms

• Benign noncancerous tumor.
• Malignant cancerous tumor.
• Metastasis the spread of cancer from the point
  where it originated to other parts of the body.
• Look at Figure 25.5 on p. 696 as a class.

91
Types of Cancer

• Lymphomas cancers of the immune system.
• Leukemia's cancers of the blood.
• Carcinomas cancers of the glands and body
  linings (includes skin and digestive tract).
• Sarcomas cancers of the connective tissue such
  as bone, ligaments, and muscles.

92
Risk Factors for Cancer

• Risk factors for cancer include lifestyle
  behaviors.
• Carcinogen cancer-causing substance.
• Risk Factors
• Tobacco Use
• Radiation
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Diet

93
Reducing Your Risk

• You can reduce your risk of cancer by practicing
  healthful behaviors.
• Look at Figure 25.7 on p. 699 as a class.

94
Detecting and Treating Cancer

• Successful cancer treatment depends on early
  detection and the right kind of treatment.
• Early Detection
• Self-Examination
• Medical Examination

95
Biopsy

• If a doctor thinks cancer is a possibility, a
  biopsy will be done.
• Biopsy removal of a small piece of tissue for
  examination.

96
Treatment Options

• Surgery
• Radiation Therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy
• Hormone Therapy
• Remission a period of time when symptoms
  disappear.
• When treatment works and the cancer is either
  gone or under control, the cancer is said to be
  in remission.

97
Allergies, Asthma, diabetes, and Arthritis

• Chapter 25 Lesson 3
• pp. 702-708

98
Allergies

• Allergies are caused by a variety of substances.
• Allergy a specific reaction of the immune
  system to a foreign and frequently harmless
  substance.

99
4 Step Process Of AnAllergic Reaction

1. The allergen enters the body, which treats the
   allergen as a foreign invader.
2. Antigens on the surface of allergens attach to
   special immune cells in the linings of the nasal
   passage.
3. These immune cells release histamines, chemicals
   that can stimulate mucus and fluid production.
4. Histamines cause sneezing, itchy eyes, runny
   nose, and other allergy symptoms.

100
Allergic Reactions

• Severe hives
• Itching or swelling of an area stung by an insect
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• Swelling of the tongue, mouth, or eyes
• Sharp drop in blood pressure, which can cause
  dizziness

101
Diagnosing Allergies

• Self-Diagnosis
• Blood Tests
• Skin Tests
• Treating Allergies
• Simplest way to treat an allergy is to avoid
  whatever it is that you are allergic to.

102
Asthma

• Asthma has no cure, but it can be managed.
• Asthma an inflammatory condition in which the
  small airways in the lungs become narrowed,
  causing difficulty in breathing.

103
Managing Asthma

• Monitor the condition.
• Manage your environment.
• Manage stress.
• Take medication properly.

104
Diabetes

• Type 2 diabetes is on the rise.
• Diabetes a chronic disease that affects the way
  body cells convert sugar into energy.

105
Symptoms of Diabetes

• Frequent urination
• Excessive thirst
• Unexplained weight loss
• Sudden changes in vision
• Tingling in hands or feet
• Frequent fatigue
• Sores that are slow to heal
• More infections than usual

106
Diabetes

• In a person with diabetes, the pancreas produces
  too little or no insulin, a hormone that helps
  glucose from food enter the body cell and provide
  them with energy.

107
Type 1 Diabetes

• Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5-10 of all
  diabetes cases.
• The body fails to produce insulin, glucose builds
  up in the blood, and cells dont get the energy
  they need.
• Autoimmune Disease a condition in which the
  immune system mistakenly attacks itself,
  targeting the cells, tissues, and organs of a
  persons own body.

108
Type 2 Diabetes

• Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90-95 of all cases
  of diabetes.
• Usually appears after age 40.
• Is in large part due to being obese.
• To help prevent Type 2 Diabetes
• Choose low-fat, low-calorie foods.
• Participate in regular physical activity.

109
Arthritis

• Arthritis is a major cause of disability.
• Arthritis a group of more than 100 different
  diseases that cause pain and loss of movement in
  the joints.
• Osteoarthritis a disease of the joints in which
  cartilage breaks down.

110
Reducing Your Risk of Arthritis

• Control your weight.
• Stay active.
• Prevent sports injuries.
• Protect against Lyme disease.

111
Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Rheumatoid Arthritis a disease characterized by
  the debilitating destruction of the joints due to
  inflammation.
• Symptoms
• Joint pain, inflammation, swelling, and
  stiffness.
• Deformed joints that cant function normally.
• Possible fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph glands.

112
Physical and mental challenges

• Chapter 25 Lesson 4
• pp. 709-713

113
Physical Challenges

• Most physical challenges affect sight, hearing,
  and motor ability.
• Disability any physical or mental impairment
  that limits normal activities, including seeing,
  hearing, walking, or speaking.

114
3 Types of Physical Disabilities

• Sight Impairment
• Hearing Impairment
• Motor Impairment
• Figure 25.12 p. 710

115
Sight Impairment

• Worldwide, more than 40 million people are bling.
  In the United States, about 1.3 million people
  are legally blind, and at least 5 million move
  have some degree of sight impairment.

116
Hearing Impairment

• Almost 30 million Americans have disabilities
  that affect their ability to hear.
• Profound Deafness hearing loss so severe that a
  person affected cannot benefit from mechanical
  amplification, such as a hearing aid.

117
Factors Causing Hearing Impairment

• Heredity
• Injury
• Disease
• Obstruction
• Nerve Damage

118
Motor Impairment

• Motor impairments result when the bodys range of
  motion and coordination are affected by a brain
  injury or a nervous system disorder.
• Things that can help
• Physical Therapy
• Occupational Therapy
• Assistive Devices

119
Mental Challenges

• Mental disabilities have been linked to several
  different causes.
• Mental Retardation below-average intellectual
  ability present from birth or early childhood and
  associated with difficulties in learning and
  social adaptation.

120
Mental Challenges

• Genetic Disorders
• Behaviors during pregnancy
• Rubella Infection
• Restricted Oxygen Supply

121
Accommodating Differences

• It is important to provide equal treatment and
  opportunities for people with physical and mental
  challenges.
• Americans with Disabilities Act a law
  prohibiting discrimination against people with
  physical or mental disabilities in the workplace,
  transportation, public accommodations, and
  telecommunications.
• Read p. 713 as a class.