Serge Francois | Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Introduction

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Topics

• Autonomic nervous system
• Endocrinology
• Cardiovascular physiology
• Immunology
• Respiratory physiology
• Renal physiology
• Digestion
• Reproductive physiology

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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis

• All organs interact
• All cells of organs bathed in internal fluid
• Cells exist if fluid remains constant in quantity
  and quality (osmosis)
• Fluctuations occur within narrow limits

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Feedback mechanisms
Disturbance
Negative feedback
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Control system
Sensor
Error signal
Inverted amplifier
Set point adjustment
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Negative feedback

• Beneficiale.g. perspiration
• Disturbance (increase in body temp.)
• Sensor (nervous system)
• Inverted amplifier (decrease in temp.)
• Doesnt prevent displacement
• Restores stability close to operating parameters
  (set point adjustment)

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Feedback mechanisms
Disturbance
Positive feedback

Signal
Control system
Sensor
Amplifier
Output
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Positive Feedback

• Rare
• Mostly destructivee.g. congestive heart failure
• Disturbance (inability of heart to pump blood)
• Sensor (nervous system)
• Amplifier (increase in heart muscle contraction,
  further impeding pumping ability)

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Control systems
Stimulus
Response
Integration (CNS)
Receptor (cell)
Effector (muscle, gland)
Afferent
Efferent
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