ppt of history

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D.Saran Venkatesh

• PPT of SOCIAL
• Class8th SecB

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Spinning jenny
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The spinning jenny was invented by James
Hargreaves. He was born in Oswaldtwistle, near
Blackburn, around 1720
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When Spinning jennyused in that times
1.At the time, cotton production could not keep
up with demand of the textile industry, and
Hargreaves spent some time considering how to
improve the process
2.Now the spinning jenny could supply that demand
by increasing the spinners' productivity even
more. The machine produced coarse thread.
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The politics of cotton
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1.In the 17th century, England was famous for
its woollen and worsted cloth
2.This was due to commercial legislation to
protect the woolen industry
3.Cheap calico prints imported by the East India
Company from "Hindustan", became popular.
4.In 1700 an Act of Parliament was passed to
prevent the importation of dyed or printed
calicoes from India, China or Persia.
5.Cotton-wool imports recovered and by 1720 were
almost back to 1701 levels
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6.Again the woolen manufacturers, in
true protectionist style, claimed this was taking
jobs from workers in Coventry.
 7.Another law was passed, to fine anyone caught
wearing printed or stained calico muslins, neck
cloths and fustians were exempted.
8. It was this exemption that the Lancashire
manufacturers exploited.
9.The use of colored cotton weft, with linen warp
was permitted in the 1736 Manchester Act.
10.There now was an artificial demand for woven
cloth.
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Steam engine
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Thomas Savery

• 1698, patented the first practical, atmospheric
  pressure, steam engine of 1 horsepower (750 W).
  It had no piston or moving parts, only taps. It
  was a fire engine, a kind of thermic syphon, in
  which steam was admitted to an empty container
  and then condensed. The vacuum thus created was
  used to suck water from the sump at the bottom of
  the mine. The "fire engine" was not very
  effective and could not work beyond a limited
  depth of around 30 feet (9.1 m).

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Thomas Saverys steam engine
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Thomas Newcomen

• 1712, developed the first commercially successful
  piston steam engine of 5 horsepower (3,700 W).
  Its principle was to condense steam in a
  cylinder, thus causing atmospheric pressure to
  drive a piston and produce mechanical work.

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Thomas Newcomens steam engine
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James Watt

• 1781, patented a steam engine that produced
  continued rotary motion with a power of about 10
  horsepower (7,500 W). It was the first type of
  steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure
  just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped
  by a partial vacuum. It was an improvement of
  Newcomens engine.

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James Watts steam engine
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Since the early 18th century, steam power has
been applied to a variety of practical uses. At
first it powered reciprocating pumps, but from
the 1780s rotative engines (those
converting reciprocating motion into rotary
motion)began to appear, driving factory machinery
such as  spinning mules and power looms. At the
turn of the 19th century, steam-powered
transport on both sea and land began to make its
appearance, becoming more dominant as the century
progressed. Steam engines can be said to have
been the moving force behind the  Industrial
Revolution and saw widespread commercial use
driving machinery in factories, mills and mines
powering pumping stations and propelling
transport appliances such as railway locomotives,
ships, steamboats and road vehicles. Their use in
agriculture led to an increase in the land
available for cultivation. There have at one time
or another been steam-powered farm tractors, motor
cycles (without much success) and
even automobiles as theStanley Steamer
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Cotton mill
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First mills (17401815)
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The first cotton mills were established in the
1740s to house roller spinning machinery invented
by Lewis Paul and John Wyatt. The machines were
the first to spin cotton mechanically "without
the intervention of human fingers.They were
driven by a single non-human power source which
allowed the use of larger machinery and made it
possible to concentrate production into
organised factories. Four mills were set up to
house Paul and Wyatt's machinery in the decade
following its patent in 1738 the short-lived,
animal-powered Upper Priory Cotton
Mill in Birmingham in 1741 Marvel's
Mill in Northampton operated from 1742 until 1764
and was the first to be powered by a water
wheel Pinsley Mill in Leominster probably opened
in 1744 and operated until it burned down in
1754 and a second mill in Birmingham set up
by Samuel Touchet in 1744, about which little is
known, but which was sufficiently successful for
Touchet later to seek the lease on the mill in
Northampton.The Paul-Wyatt mills spun cotton for
several decades but were not very
profitable, becoming the ancestors of the cotton
mills that followed.
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The picture of old cotton mill
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