CNS Diseases | Pharmacy News UK | Prepforprereg

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• Central Nervous System Diseases Prepforprereg

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What are CNS Diseases ?

• The Central Nervous System is a very important
  part of the nervous system which consists of
  spinal cord and the brain. It is so named because
   it integrates information it receives from, and
  coordinates and influences the activity of, all
  parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric
  animalsthat is, all multicellular animals
  except sponges and radially symmetric
  animals such as jellyfishand it contains the
  majority of the nervous system. Diseases of any
  component of the brain (including the cerebral
  hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and
  cerebellum) or the spinal cord. CNS diseases are
  also known as CNS disorders.

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• Here is a list of types of CNS diseases. The
  following list includes
• Insomnia
• Depression
• 3. Anxiety
• 4. Migraine

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Insomnia -

• Insomnia is a sleeping disorder in which people
  face trouble in sleeping. They may have
  difficulty falling asleep, or staying asleep as
  long as desired.23 Insomnia is typically
  followed by daytime sleepiness, low energy,
  irritability, and a depressed mood.
• Symptoms
• Difficulty in falling asleep.
• Waking up too early in the morining
• Daytime tiredness or sleepiness
• Ongoing worries about sleep
• Irritability and problems with concentration
  during daytime

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• Types Of Insomnia
• Primary insomnia - problem is not associated with
  other health complaints (e.g. anxiety)
• Secondary insomnia - problem is associated with a
  condition, medicine, or ingested food/drink
• Self Help Tips to Improve Insomnia
• Exercise regularly but do not do so within 4
  hours of bedtime.
• Dont eat just before bed.
• Limit caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine.
• Stick to a regular sleep schedule.

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Depression -

• Depression is a mood disorder causing a
  persistent feeling of sadness and loss of
  interest. Depression is a state of low mood and
  aversion to activity that can affect a person's
  thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of
  well-being.
• Symptoms
• Feeling guilty
• Feeling helpless
• Sleep disturbances
• Lack of interest or motivation
• Self harm and/or suicidal ideation

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• Treatment of Depression
• Counselling  allows patients to talk through
  their problems with trained professionals and
  formulate a plan to overcome them.
• Cognitive behavioural therapy  aims to alter the
  way a patient thinks and in doing so allows
  patients to identify patterns of behaviour or
  thoughts that may be precipitating symptoms of
  depression and alter them accordingly.
• Drug treatment options  include SSRIs, MAOIs,
  tricyclic antidepressants etc. There is little to
  choose between the different classes of
  antidepressants in terms of efficacy but SSRIs
  are safer in overdose and have a more favourable
  side effect profile than the other classes of
  antidepressants so should be considered first
  line for treatment of depression

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Anxiety -

• Anxiety is a feeling of worry, unease, or
  nervousness about something with an uncertain
  outcome or fear of current events. It is a
  natural response to danger and can be a positive
  feeling but constant anxiety can be overwhelming
  and have a negative impact on health,
  relationships etc. There are several types of
  anxiety disorder including general anxiety
  disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, social
  anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder,
  and phobias.

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• Symptoms
• Sweating
• Muscle Tension
• Headaches
• Difficulty in concentrating
• Some people who suffer anxiety may also suffer
  from panic attacks. These episodes are associated
  with he following symptoms
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Stomach Cramping normally
• Difficulty in breathing normally

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• Self help tips to improve anxiety
• Exercise regularly
• Eat healthy diet
• Undertake relaxation techniques
• Seek assistance, support and advice from
  appropriate healthcare professionals, support
  groups
• Remove stress triggers

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Migraine -

• Migraine is a kind of a headache of varying
  intensity, often accompanied by nausea and
  sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine is
  a primary headache disorder characterized by
  recurrent headaches that are moderate to
  severe.1 Typically, the headaches affect one
  half of the head, are pulsating in nature, and
  last from two to 72 hours.
• Symptoms
• throbbing headache that often affects one side of
  the head and is worse when moving
• Nausea vomiting

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• Perspiration
• Visual disturbance
• Pale colour
• About 20 of migraine sufferers will experience
  aura - this is usually the first sign of a
  migraine attack. Aura symptoms mainly include
  visual problems such as blurred vision, flashing
  lights, zigzag patterns, or blind spots.
  Additional aura symptoms include slurred speech,
  and numbness or tingling sensation in arms, legs
  or face.

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• Treatment
• Lie down in a dark, quiet room. Sleeping often
  helps
• Analgesics e.g. aspirin, paracetamol, co-codamol
• Antiemetics - e.g. buclizine
• 5-HT1 receptor agonists (aka the triptans) -
  sumatriptan is available over the counter for
  treatment of migraine attack
• Causes
• Still poorly understood
• Originally thought that dilatation of blood
  vessels in the brain was responsible for migraine
  symptoms but this a highly debated and evidence
  is lacking
• Symptoms are instead now thought to occur due to
  abnormal brain activity that interferes with
  nerve transmission, neurotransmitters and blood
  vessels in the brain

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