Rules of nomenclature

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M. G. Science Institute.Department of Geology

• Rules of nomenclature

M.SC SEM 1 ASHISH BHURIYA
SUPERVISION BY- Dr. n.y Bhatt sir
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Introduction

• The taxonomy is so important the early life
  because it provides us with a way to classify,
  name and describe all organisms.it also helps to
  determine which areas need protection based on
  its inhabitants.
• From china one emperator thanks to the medicine
  herbal studies developed the first steps to
  identify, categorize and classify the living
  things specially the plants. Following this ideas
  and with neweones ancient Greeks and romans

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• the most important works are cited and the
  progress of taxonomy with the focus on botanical
  taxonomy are described up to the era of the
  Swedish botanist carl Linnaeus, who founded
  modern taxonomy
• the development after Linnaeus is characterized
  by a taxonomy that increasingly have come to
  reflect the paradigm of evolution

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• The used characters have extended from
  morphological to molecular. Nomenclatural rules
  have developed strongly during the 19th and 20th
  century, and during the last decade traditional
  nomenclature has been challenged by advocates of
  the phylocode.

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• gtThe terms, taxonomy and nomenclature are
  confused, but have quite distinct meanings.
• Taxonomy is the science of classifying,
  describing and Charecteristing different groups
  taxa living organisms. Taxonomy taxis
  arrangement, Nomo's law
• Nomenclature, on the other hand, is about
  giving names to those different groups.
  Nomenclature nomen (name) and Calare (to call)
  to call by name.

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Taxonomy

• Fossils are classified according to an
  international system of the naming of species.
• The naming of species and other taxa follows a
  set of rules, the International Code of Botanical
  Nomenclature for plants, the International Code
  of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals.

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Nomenclature

• The system of nomenclature for species now
  universally adapted is that of the Swedish
  naturalist Carl Gustav Linnaeus and consists in
  naming every species A group of interbreeding
  individuals which have blood relation. Sibling
  species are those individuals which look alike in
  same area but cannot interbreed. Polymorphic
  species are those in which forms are present
  within one biological species , may likewise be
  had to speciate correctly. by a double name ,
  hence , it is called the Linnaean or Binominal
  nomenclature.

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• Binomial Nomenclature
• The Latin names for individual species are
  written using a system termed "binomial
  nomenclature" that was developed originally by
  Linnaeus. Quite literally, each species is
  identified by a combination of "two names"
  its genus name and its specific epithet. A
  familiar example is that of human beings, Homo
  sapiens. Usually the Latin name is followed by
  the last name of the person who first gave the
  name to the species in non-italicized text.

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BINARY NOMENCLATURE

• Each unit higher then species is designated
• by one word, and only the species by two words.
  This is system was proposed by Swedish scientist
  Linnaeus(1707-1778)

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Simple Rules for Writing Latin Names in Papers

• The full name (e.g., Homo sapiens) should be
  written out in the Title, the first time it is
  used in the Abstract, and the first time it is
  used in the body of the paper. Thereafter the
  name should be abbreviated as the first letter of
  the genus name (capitalized) and the complete
  specific epithet (e.g., H. sapiens)
• The genus name is ALWAYS capitalized (e.g., Homo)
• The specific epithet is NEVER capitalized
  (e.g., sapiens)
• The entire name is always italicized in print
  (Homo sapiens) if italics are not possible, the
  alternative is to underline both names.
• If the name of the person who named the species
  is available, use it. (Homo sapiens Linnaeus Ran
  a catesbeiana Shaw, etc)

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• In the phylum-mollusca , class-Bivalves,
  genus-Cyprina, species - Cyprina islandica
  Linnaeus. e.g., Cyprina signifies genus,
• islandica signifies
  locality and
• Linnaeus signifies
  author
• If two authors have described one and the same
  species, the Latin conjugation et joint their
  surname.
• When species of one genus are repeated, one or
  two letters only indicates the full name of the
  genus thus Darwinula fragilis Schneid.
  D.oblonga Schneid D.rotundata Lubim.

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The first part of the name identifies the genus
to which the species belongs the second part
identifies the species within the genus. For
example, humans belong to the genus Homo and
within this genus to the species Homo sapiens.
For example, Stegodon ganesha is the scientific
name or binomen of elephant . generic name
Stegodon and species name ganesha
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With the increase of generic name, a tendency
has arisen develop similar generic name for
similar classes, e.g., majority of crinoids end
with the suffix -crinus , corals with phyllum or
phyllia, echinoids with aster , cephalopods with
-ceras, brachiopodos with thyris, and
graptolites with graptus, But it is not always
the case. The specific name may
either be descriptive of some feature of the
species, as in Belemnite minimus ,indicating its
first locality, as in Palmoxylon rajamahalensis
or a noun may be used, as in Ophiceras sakuntala
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Some time popular name are rejected and new name
are given. This fact is indicated by putting
earlier name in brackets after the new name, as
in Bullinus (Physa) , Venericardia
(Cardita). Categories higher then
genus are designated in Latin and the
conventional suffixes are used inae for sub
family ,-idea for family, -acea for super
family, -ina for sub-order,-ide for order, -oidea
for the class.
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Fossil plant are named according to the set of
rules, but the name usually refers to parts
rather then complete organism. Since the generic
name may apply to only a seed, a leaf, or some
other parts, the genus is called a form genus or
artificial genus, as contrasted with a natural
genus. As for example the arborecent
lycopod Lepidodendron is the name for whole
plant. The roots, leaves, cones and spores of
this plant are known as Stigmaria, Lepidophyllum,
Lepidostrobus and Triletes respectively.
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The generic names Stigmaria is applied to alike
root of different plants like Lepidophlosis,
Bothrodendron and Sigillaria.
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Common names and Scientific names

• Common names for species are words in the
  language of the layperson. These names can often
  be misleading.
• Disadvantages
• They are not useful to people with a different
  language or dialect
• Some species have several common names
• Some species share the same common name
• Some species may not have a common name

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• Scientific name of a fossil
• With the declaration of a name of a fossil,
  mostly only the genus and species, and possibly
  subspecies is listed.
• The name of the genus and subgenus begins always
  with a capital letter.
• The species name is in lower-case. Names of
  fossils are written in italics or underlined.
  Most names are in Latin or are 'Latinized.
• Example Agnostus pisiformis

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• When the genus is known, but the species is
  unknown, behind the genus or subgenus you must
  write "sp.".
• This is an abbreviation of species. When the
  species is know but the subspecies is unknown,
  you write "ssp." behind the species name.
• This is an abbreviation for subspecies.  When the
  genus is not known, the name of the family or
  higher taxonomic classification can be used.
• Example Favosites sp. OR Megacardita planicosta
  ssp

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Hierarchy Classifications

• A hierarchical system is used for classifying
  organisms to the species level. This system is
  called taxonomic classification. The
  broadest classifications are by domain and
  kingdom the most specific classification is by
  genus and species. The hierarchical groupings in
  between include phylum, class, family, and order.

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The biggest unit is kingdom. Kingdom is divided
into phyla . Phyla is divided into
classes. Classes is divided into order. Order is
divided into family. Family is divided into
genera. Genera is divided into species.
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Elephants Scientific Classification
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