Bladder Cancer Treatment at Top Cancer Hospitals in India

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Bladder Cancer Treatment at Top Cancer
Hospitals in India


Bladder cancer typically begins in the
lining of your bladder,the balloon-shaped organ
in your pelvic area that stores urine. Some
bladder cancer remains confined to the lining,
while others cases may invade other areas. Most
bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas
(cancer that begins in cells that normally make
up the inner lining of the bladder). Other types
include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that
begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma
(cancer that begins in cells that make and
release mucus and other fluids). The cells that
form squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a
result of chronic irritation and inflammation.

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Types of Bladder Cancer
Urothelial carcinoma
Urothelial carcinoma
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (often
called invasive urothelial carcinoma)
Papillary urothelial carcinoma
Flat urothelial carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma

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Stages of Bladder Cancer
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• The stage of Bladder cancer is largely determined
  by how "deeply" the tumor has invaded. The
  following list describes its various stages.
• Stage 0 Cancer cells found on the inner
  surface of the bladder. This is the earliest
  stage of bladder cancer and is known as
  superficial cancer or carcinoma in situ (CIS).
• Stage I Cancer cells have penetrated the inner
  lining of the bladder but have not yet reached
  the muscle layer.
• Stage II Cancer cells have spread into the
  muscle layer.
• Stage III Cancer cells have spread beyond the
  bladder muscle and into the outer layer of tissue
  surrounding the bladder.
• Stage IV Cancer cells have spread towards the
  abdominal or pelvic wall. In men, the cancer
  cells may spread to the prostate. In women, the
  cancer cells may spread to the uterus or vagina.
  Cancer cells may have also spread to the lymph
  system and metastasized to other parts of the
  body.

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Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer To
diagnose bladder cancer, the doctor will take a
medical history, do a physical examination and
request a urine test. He or she may order an
x-ray test and perform a cystoscopy (described
below) and if needed, a biopsy for bladder
cancer. A urine sample is taken and then examined
under a microscope for cancerous cells (for
bladder cancer). An x-ray procedure, called
an Intravenous pyelogram (IVP), is used to detect
any abnormalities or growths in the bladder. For
the IVP x-ray, a special dye containing iodine is
given to the patient through a needle inserted in
the vein. The dye goes in the bladder, making the
bladder easier to see on the x-rays. A Cystoscopy
 is a procedure using a thin, lighted tube called
a cystoscope that is inserted into the bladder
through the urethra. If the doctor sees any
abnormal areas or growths, he or she will remove
some of that tissue (biopsy) for further
examination under a microscope.

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Treatment of Bladder Cancer in
IndiaThere are four main types of treatment for
bladder cancer surgery, radiation therapy,
chemotherapy and biological therapy. The type and
staging of the cancer, age, and overall health,
determine which treatment method(s) will be
used. There are three (3) main types of
surgeries for bladder cancer - Transurethral
resection (TUR) is an operation that uses a
cystoscope inserted into the bladder through the
urethra. The doctor then uses a tool with a small
wire loop on the end to remove the cancer or to
burn the tumor away with high-energy
electricity. Cystectomy is an operation to remove
the bladder. There are two types of cystectomy -
segmental (partial), and radical (complete).
Segmental cystectomy is an operation to take out
part of the bladder where the cancer is located.
Radical cystectomy is the removal of the bladder
and nearby organs. In women, this operation
includes removing the uterus, fallopian tubes,
ovaries and part of the vagina. In men, the
prostate and seminal vesicles are
removed. Urinary diversion is an operation to
make way for urine to pass out of the body so
that it does not go through the bladder.

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