Oral Cancer Treatment in India

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Oral Cancer Care and Treatment In India
Oral cancer is part of a group of cancers called
head and neck cancers. Oral cancer can develop in
any part of the oral cavity or oropharynx. Most
oral cancers begin in the tongue and in the floor
of the mouth. Almost all oral cancers begin in
the flat cells (squamous cells) that cover the
surfaces of the mouth, tongue, and lips. These
cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. When
oral cancer spreads (metastasizes), it usually
travels through the lymphatic system. Cancer
cells that enter the lymphatic system are carried
along by lymph, a clear, watery fluid. The cancer
cells often appear first in nearby lymph nodes in
the neck. Cancer cells can also spread to other
parts of the neck, the lungs, and other parts of
the body. When this happens, the new tumor has
the same kind of abnormal cells as the primary
tumor. For example, if oral cancer spreads to the
lungs, the cancer cells in the lungs are actually
oral cancer cells. The disease is metastatic oral
cancer, not lung cancer. It is treated as oral
cancer, not lung cancer. Oral cancer happens when
there is something wrong or unusual in the normal
cell lifecycle. This abnormal working of the cell
lifecycle results in uncontrollable growth and
reproduction of these cells.

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Stages Of Oral Cancer

•  Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ) This stage is
  considered as the pre-cancer stage. In this
  stage, there are cancer cells that are inside the
  lining of the mouth that have not yet spread.
•  Stage 1 This is considered as the early stage
  of invasive cancer. Now the cancer has started to
  develop through the mouth lining and also in the
  deep tissues below.
•  Stage 2 In the second stage, the tumor is
  more than 2cm but is less than 4cm.
•  Stage 3 One or more conditions are true in
  this stage- first the tumor is of any size that
  has spread to 1lymph nodes on the same side of
  the neck.
•  Stage 4 This stage is known as the advanced
  stage of oral cancer that is categorized into
  three stages.
•   Stage 4A This stage is marked by the growth
  of the cancer through the tissues around the
  mouth and lips. At this stage, it is possible
  that lymph nodes may or may not possess any
  cancer cells.
• oStage 4B This stage is marked by the spread of
  the cancer to any lymph node which is bigger than
  6 cm or to lymph nodes on both neck sides, or to
  more than one lymph node on the same side of the
  neck.
• oStage 4C This stage is marked by the spread of
  the cancer to different body parts that include
  bones or lungs.

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Diagnosis of Oral Cancer
 Biopsy A small tissue sample is taken in
biopsy that is further sent to a laboratory for
determining the type of cells and whether they
are cancerous or non-cancerous.  Throat and
Mouth Examination A special instrument known as
flexible laryngoscope is used for viewing within
the throat and mouth.  A Barium Swallow and
Meal Test This test requires a patient to
swallow a drink having barium. An x-ray will
present images of abnormal growths in the
digestive system down to the stomach.  X-rays
X-rays are done of the lower and upper jaw or a
chest x-ray can also be done.  Endoscopy This
test helps in viewing the body from within. An
endoscope (a narrow and flexible tube having a
telescopic camera) is used for performing this
test.  Certain other biopsies of nearby lymph
nodes are also done.

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Oral Cancer Treatment Hospitals
In India  Surgery to remove the tumor Your
surgeon may cut away the tumor and a margin of
healthy tissue that surrounds it. Smaller cancers
may be removed through minor surgery. Larger
tumors may require more-extensive
procedures  Surgery to reconstruct the mouth
Your surgeon may transplant grafts of skin,
muscle or bone from other parts of your body to
reconstruct your face. Dental implants may
replace your natural teeth.  Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy uses doses of radiation to kill
cancerous cells. It may be possible to remove the
cancer using radiotherapy alone, but it is
usually used after surgery to prevent the cancer
from re-occurring.  Internal radiotherapy
Internal radiotherapy is a type of radiotherapy
often used to treat cancers of the tongue that
are in their early stages. It involves sticking
radioactive wires or needles directly into the
tumour while you are under a general anaesthetic
(put to sleep).

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