DNA Testing

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DNA Testing
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Prenatal Paternity Test

• Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
• The CVS procedure is performed during the 10th
  and
• 13th week of pregnancy. This procedure involves
  the
• removal of a small amount of placental tissue for
• testing.
• Amniocentitis
• The Amniocentitis procedure is performed during
  the
• 14th and 24th week of pregnancy. Guided by
• ultrasound, the OB-GYN will use a long needle to
  collect
• Amnio fluid samples through the abdomen.

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Prenatal Paternity Test

• Prenatal DNA paternity testing produces
  conclusive results with 0 probability of
  paternity if the alleged father is not
  biologically related to the child or with greater
  than 99.9 probability of paternity if the
  alleged father is the biological father of the
  tested child.

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Paternity DNA Test

• DNA paternity testing determines the biological
  father-child relationship between a man and a
  child. Every individuals DNA or genetic
  fingerprint is unique except for identical
  twins. 
• The DNA paternity test compares the DNA
  fingerprints between the tested man and child to
  determine if the child inherits half of his/her
  DNA from the alleged father.
• Mothers participation is optional although her
  participation helps to exclude half of the
  childs DNA fingerprint inherited from her,
  making the data analysis easier.

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Maternity DNA Test

• DNA maternity testing determines the biological
  mother-child relationship. 
• Applications for Maternity DNA Test
• Immigration DNA Test
• Adoption
• Surrogacy

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Grand Parents Age DNA Test

• Grand Parent age DNA testing determines if an
  individual (or a couple) and a child are
  biologically related as grandparent(s) and
  grandchild. It is often used to determine
  paternity indirectly in cases where the alleged
  father is deceased or unavailable for testing.
• Since we all inherit half of our DNA from our
  biological father and half from our biological
  mother, we inherit a quarter of our DNA from each
  of our biological grandparents.

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Siblingship DNA Test

• In the siblingship DNA test, two individuals are
  tested to determine whether they share one or
  both of their biological parents.
• Full siblings share both of their biological
  parents and half siblings share one of their
  biological parents. 

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Other DNA Tests

• The twin zygosity DNA test is used to determine
  if twins are
• identical or fraternal. Every persons DNA is
  unique except
• for identical twins. If the twins share the exact
  same DNA
• profiles, they are identical. If they dont share
  the exact
• same DNA profiles, they are fraternal.
• This DNA test is used for personal curiosity or
  to help solve
• health problems when a twin needs an organ or
  tissue
• donor. The identical twin is a perfect choice as
  a donor in
• these medical circumstances.

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Other DNA Tests

• Avuncular DNA Test
• The avuncular (aunt/uncle) DNA test is used
• todetermine relatedness between a child and
• his/her uncle/aunt when the biological parent
  that
• links the relationship is deceased or unavailable
• for testing. Participation of the childs other
  parent
• is strongly encouraged for more conclusive
  results.

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Genetic Reconstruction DNA Test

• A genetic (family) reconstruction DNA test
  determines biological family ties between a child
  and her paternal or maternal relatives when the
  alleged parent is deceased or unavailable for
  testing. It is typically used as an indirect way
  to determine paternity or maternity.
• In the genetic reconstruction DNA test, the
  childs DNA profile is compared with the DNA
  profiles of at least two of the alleged parents
  close relatives. Since everyone inherits half of
  the genetic materials (DNA) from the biological
  father and half from the biological mother, close
  relatives share a significant portion of their
  DNA profiles.

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Forensic DNA Test

• The forensic DNA testing technology has been
  applied to identify suspects and victims in
  violent crimes, and discover identities of
  victims of natural or plotted disasters.
• By analyzing and comparing reference samples and
  biological materials such as blood, tissues, and
  finger nails left behind at a crime scene,
  forensic DNA scientists are able to link suspects
  and victims to a specific crime.  

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DNA Typing and Banking

• DNA typing and banking services provide
  individuals with their DNA profile and preserve
  their DNA specimen for future genetic testing
  when needed. Each individuals DNA profile (or
  genetic fingerprint) is a permanent means of
  identification.
• Universal Genetics provides DNA banking service
  to store DNA in a medically secure facility that
  maintains the viability of DNA for future
  testing. The preserved DNA can be used for
  genetic disease diagnosis, ancestral lineage or
  paternity testing to solve legal issues such as
  inheritance claims when the tested party is no
  longer available for testing.  

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DNA Test Results Interpretation

• It is routinely test 16 genetic markers that are
  known for being highly differential between
  individuals. A DNA paternity test compares the
  sizes of these markers between an alleged father
  and a child.
• Each DNA marker contains two alleles, one
  inherited from the biological mother and the
  other from the biological father. The DNA test
  finds out whether there is at least one match out
  of the two alleles on the same marker from the
  alleged parents and childs DNA.

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DNA Test Results Interpretation

• The partial results indicate that the child and
  the alleged fathers DNA match among these five
  markers.
• Each marker is assigned with a Paternity Index
  (PI), which is a statistical measure of how
  powerfully a match at a particular marker
  indicates paternity. 
• The PI of each marker is multiplied with each
  other to generate the Combined Paternity Index
  (CPI), which indicates the overall probability of
  an individual being the biological father of the
  tested child relative to any random man from the
  entire population of the same race.
• The CPI is then converted into a Probability of
  Paternity showing the degree of relatedness
  between the alleged father and child.

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