Electricity Generation, Distribution and Trasnmission

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Prepared By
Name Reg
Umaiz Ahmad FA14-BEE-003
Yasir Zulfiqar FA14-BEE-015
Tayyab Bilal FA14-BEE-021
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Topic

• Electricity
• Generation
• Transmition
• Distribution

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Power System
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Generation of Electric Power
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Electricity generation is the process of
generating electric power from other sources
of primary energy. The fundamental principles of
electricity generation were discovered during the
1820s and early 1830s by the British
scientist Michael Faraday. This basic method is
still used today Electricity is generated by
the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of
copper between the poles of a magnet.
For electric utilities, it is the first process
in the delivery of electricity to consumers.
Electricity is most often generated at a power
station by electromechanical generators,
primarily driven by heat engines fueled by
chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also
by other means such as the kinetic energy of
flowing water and wind. Other energy sources
include solar photovoltaic's and geothermal
power and electrochemical batteries.
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Conventional Sources of Electric Power Generation
There are mainly three conventional source of
electric power generation, and they are thermal
hydal, and nuclear energy.
1-Thermal Power Generation
In thermal power plant coal or diesel is burnt to
produce sufficient heat. This heat energy is
utilized to produce high temperature and high
pressure steam in the boiler.
This steam is then passed through the turbine
blades and the turbine shaft rotates due to this
steam pressure. The rotor of an alternator is
mechanically coupled with the turbine shaft and
hence it also rotates. This rotation produces
electric power.
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A View of Thermal Power Plant Kabirwala (Punjab)
Capacity 412 MW-450 MW,,, Furnace Oil Operated
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2-Hydal Power Generation
Here the water head is used to rotate the rotor
shaft of an alternator. Water head can be
naturally available or it can be created. In
hilly region water head can be naturally
available in the hill top natural lakes. In plain
land, it can be created by constructing dams
across suitable rivers. In comparing to a thermal
power plant, hydal plants are more echo-friendly
as they are free from fuel combustion. Also the
running cost of hydal plant is much cheaper than
that of thermal plants as there is no need of
fuel to be burnt.
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A View of Terbela DAM
Capacity 3478 MW
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3-Nuclear Power Generation
It is estimated that, the coal reserve of our
country will be exhausted within next 40 years if
the coal is continued to be consumed in present
rate. The solution of this situation is a nuclear
power plant as thought. In a nuclear power
station, Uranium 235 is subjected to nuclear
fission. In fission process, U 235 is bombarded
by a beam of neutrons. The collision of neutrons
with the nucleus of U 235 creates huge heat
energy along with other neutrons. These newly
created neutrons are called fission neutrons
which again hit by other U 235 nuclear and create
mare heat energy and other fission neutrons.
During fission process the nucleus of U 235 is
divided into two parts. The fission process is
commutative in nature. That is why, a nuclear
reaction is a chain reaction and hence it should
be allowed to be occurred in a controlled manner.
The moderates and control rods are used to
control this chain reaction.
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A View of ChashNUPP
Capacity 2800 MW (Total 5 Reactors)
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Non Conventional Source of Electrical Power
Generation
Although the main sources of electric power
generation are thermal, hydal, and nuclear power
plants, but still there are many other non
conventional sources of power available. These
non conventional sources, like wind power, solar
power, MHD generation, fuel cell, etc. are
becoming the promising alternative sources for
electric power generation.
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Transmission of Electric Power
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Unit Transformer
Unit transformer are step up transformer which is
connected to generating house step up voltage
from 11/15kV voltage to 220/400kV voltage level
as requirement or line design parameter. 
It is just like transformer but connected to unit
of the generating house that's why we called it
unit transformers.
Overhead Transmission Lines
An overhead power line is a structure used in
electric power transmission and distribution to
transmit electrical energy along large distances.
It consists of three conductors suspended by
towers or poles.
These are the high voltages (220kV-750kV) lines
which transmit electric power from generation
plants to substations.
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Substation
A substation is a part of an electrical power
system. Substations transform voltage from high
to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions.
A distribution substation transfers power from
the transmission system to the distribution
system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly
connect electricity consumers to the main
transmission network, unless they use large
amounts of power, so the distribution station
reduces voltage to a level suitable for local
distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is
typically at least two transmission or sub
transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for
example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the
area. The output is a number of feeders.
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Distribution voltages are typically medium
voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV depending on
the size of the area served and the practices of
the local utility. The feeders run along streets
overhead (or underground, in some cases) and
power the distribution transformers at or near
the customer premises. In addition to
transforming voltage, distribution substations
also isolate faults in either the transmission or
distribution systems. Distribution substations
are typically the points of voltage regulation,
although on long distribution circuits (of
several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation
equipment may also be installed along the line.
Substation Transformer
Substation transformer is step down transformer
which step down voltage from 220/400kV voltage to
11/15kV voltage level as requirement or line
design parameter. 
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Substation
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Feeder in Power System
These are the distribution lines which transmit
electric power from substation to the
distribution transformer. These are the 3-phase
3-wire lines. These lines contains 11kV commonly.
The transmission system from generation end to
the distribution transformer contains 3- Phase
wires, because we do not require 4th wire
(neutral) in the transmission of electricity, so
we can save the cost of 4th wire. But in the
utilization of energy the neutral wire is also
required to provide the return path to electric
current. So from the distribution transformer to
the consumer end, electricity transmit 3-Phase
4-Wire system.
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Distribution Transformer
A distribution transformer or service
transformer is a transformer that provides the
final voltage transformation in the electric
power distribution system, stepping down the
voltage used in the distribution lines to the
level used by the customer. It transform 11kV to
220V/440V as requirement.
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