Hyperparathyroidism: Symptoms, causes and treatment

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Hyperparathyroidism
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Hyperparathyroidism

• Hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition where
  overactivity of one or more of the body's four
  parathyroid glands leads to excess of parathyroid
  hormone in the bloodstream. The parathyroid
  glands are responsible for parathyroid
  hormonewhich maintains a proper balance of
  calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that
  depend on calcium for proper functioning. There
  are two types of hyperparathyroidism, primary and
  secondary. In primary hyperparathyroidism, an
  enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid
  glands leads to excess production of the hormone,
  resulting in increased levels of calcium in the
  blood, which can cause several health conditions.
  Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs as a result
  of another disease that primarily causes low
  levels of calcium in the body.

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Causes of hyperparathyroidism

• Hyperparathyroidism is the result of increase in
  production of parathyroid hormone. The disorder
  may occur because of a problem with the
  parathyroid glands themselves or because of an
  underlying medical condition that affects the
  glands' function. Primary hyperparathyroidismWh
  en there is a problem with one of the four
  parathyroid glands, it leads to primary
  hyperparathyroidism
• A benign growth on a gland is the most common
  cause
• Enlargement of two or more parathyroid glands
  accounts for most other cases
• A malignant tumor is an uncommon cause of primary
  hyperparathyroidism

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Causes of hyperparathyroidism
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• Secondary hyperparathyroidismSecondary
  hyperparathyroidism occurs due to another health
  condition that lessens calcium levels. Therefore,
  your parathyroid glands work overtime to
  compensate for the loss of calcium. Reasons
  behind secondary hyperparathyroidism include 
• When your body is unable to absorb the calcium
  from your diet, it may lead to calcium
  deficiency.
• Your bodys calcium levels may drop when
  you dont get enough vitamin Dbecause of less
  exposure to sunlight.
• When your kidneys malfunction, they may not be
  able to use vitamin D properly. Hence, it leads
  to drop in calcium levels.

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Symptoms

• Hyperparathyroidism is usually diagnosed before
  any symptoms of the disorder are visible. When
  symptoms appear, they're the result of
  dysfunction in other organs or tissues because of
  high calcium levels in the blood and urine or
  very less calcium in bones. Symptoms of
  hyperparathyroidism may be so gentle or severe
  that they don't seem at all related to
  parathyroid function. Some of the common symptoms
  include
• Fragile bones that easily fracture
• Kidney stones
• Excessive urination
• Abdominal pain
• Tiring easily or weakness

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Symptoms
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• Depression or forgetfulness
• Bone and joint pain
• Frequent complaints of illness with no apparent
  cause
• Nausea, vomiting or loss of appetite

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Treatments

• Surgery Surgery is the most common form of
  treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism and has
  a high success rate. A surgeon will remove only
  those glands that have a tumor. If all four
  glands are affected, a surgeon will likely remove
  only three glands and a portion of the fourth,
  leaving some functioning parathyroid tissue.
• Calcimimetic medicine It is a drug that imitates
  calcium circulating in the blood. The drug
  prompts the parathyroid glands into releasing
  less parathyroid hormone. Some doctors prescribe
  Calcimimetics when surgery has given a negative
  response.
• Hormone replacement therapy For women who have
  signs of osteoporosis or who have undergone
  menopause, hormone replacement therapy is the
  perfect option. But this treatment doesn't
  address the main problem associated with the
  parathyroid glands.

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Treatments
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• Bisphosphonates Bisphosphonates also prevent the
  loss of calcium from bones and may reduce
  osteoporosis caused by hyperparathyroidism.It's
  important to get an accurate diagnosis and
  suitable treatment for hyperparathyroidism
  because if left unattended, it can lead to
  serious complications.

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