Helping - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Helping

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Social Psychology Chapter 12: HELPING – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Helping


1
Helping
2
Helping
  • Why do we help?
  • When will we help?
  • Who will help?
  • How can we increase helping?

3
Altruism
4
Altruism
  • A motive to increase anothers welfare without
    conscious regard for ones self-interests.

5
Egoism
6
Egoism
  • A motive to increase ones own welfare.

7
1.) Why do we help?
8
Why do we help? (Theories)
  • Social-exchange
  • Social Norms
  • Evolutionary Psychology

9
Social Exchange
10
Social-exchange theory
  • the theory that human interactions are
    transactions that aim to maximize ones rewards
    and minimize ones costs.

11
Rewards
12
Rewards
  • External rewards
  • Internal rewards

13
Rewards
  • External we give to get.
  • Internal our sense of self-worth.

14
Internal Rewards (emotional state/personal
traits)
  • Guilt
  • Feel bad-do good
  • Feel good-do good

15
Social Norms
16
Social Norms
  • are social expectations.
  • prescribes proper behavior.

17
Two Social Norms
  • The Reciprocity Norm
  • The Social-Responsibility Norm

18
Two Social Norms
  • The Reciprocity Norm an expectation that people
    will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
  • The Social-Responsibility Norm an expectation
    that people will help those needing help.

19
Gender and Receiving Help
20
Gender Receiving Help
  • Women offered help equally to males and females,
    whereas Men offered more help when the persons in
    need were females.

21
Evolutionary Psychology
22
Evolutionary Psychology
  • the study of the evolution of cognition and
    behavior using the principles of natural
    selection.
  • the theory contends that the essence of life is
    survival.

23
Two types of self-sacrificial helping
(Evolutionary Psychology Theory)
  • Kin Protection
  • kin selection- the idea that evolution has
    selected altruism towards ones close relatives
    to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
  • Reciprocity

24
Comparison of Theories
Theory Level of Explanation Externally Helping Intrinsic Helping
Social-exchange Psychological External rewards for helping Inner rewards for helping
Social Norms Sociological Reciprocity norm Social-responsibility norm
Evolutionary Biological Reciprocity Kin selection
25
Genuine Altruism/Empathy
26
Empathy
  • the vicarious experience of anothers feelings
    putting oneself in anothers shoes.

27
(2) When will we help?
28
Number of Bystanders
  • As the number of bystanders increases, any given
    bystander is less likely to notice the incident,
    less likely to assume responsibility for taking
    action.
  • Lone bystanders were more likely to help.

29
Bystander effect
  • The finding that a person is less likely to
    provide help when there are other bystanders.

30
  • Noticing/Interpreting
  • Assuming Responsibility

31
Helping when someone else does
  • Prosocial models do promote altruism.
  • Example New Jersey shoppers were most likely to
    drop money in a Salvation Army kettle if they had
    seen someone else do the same.

32
Time Pressures
  • A person not in a hurry may stop and offer help
    to a person in distress. A person in a hurry is
    likely to keep going. (Darley Batson -
    Researchers)

33
Similarity
  • We tend to help those whom we perceive as being
    similar to us.

34
(3) Who will help?
35
Personality Traits
  • Attitude and trait predict average behavior
    across many situations more accurately.
  • Individual differences some people are
    reliably more helpful.

36
Personality Traits
  • Network traits those high in positive
    emotionality, empathy self-efficacy are most
    likely concerned and helpful.
  • Personality influences how particular people
    react to particular situations.

37
Religious Faith
  • Predicts long-term altruism, as reflected I
    volunteerism charitable contributions.

38
(4) How can we increase helping?
39
3 ways to increase helping
  • Reduce the ambiguity and increase responsibility.
  • Use door-in-the-face effect technique to evoke
    guilt feelings or concern for self-image.
  • Teach altruism.

40
  • Door-in-the-face effect A strategy for gaining
    a concession.
  • Overjustification effect the result of bribing
    people to do what they already like doing they
    may then see their actions as externally
    controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.
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