Agriculture Seeds in India 16 sep 17

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Agriculture Seeds in India
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Description

• The history of Agriculture in India dates back to
  Indus Valley Civilization Era and even before
  that in some parts of Southern India. Today,
  India ranks second worldwide in farm output.
  Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and
  fisheries accounted for 13.7 of the GDP (gross
  domestic product) in 2013, about 50 of the
  workforce. The economic contribution of
  agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining
  with the country's broad-based economic growth.
  Still, agriculture is demographically the
  broadest economic sector and plays a significant
  role in the overall socio-economic fabric of
  India.
• India exported 38 billion worth of agricultural
  products in 2013, making it the seventh largest
  agricultural exporter worldwide and the sixth
  largest net exporter.5 Most of its agriculture
  exports serve developing and least developed
  nations.5 Indian agricultural/horticultural and
  processed foods are exported to more than 120
  countries, primarily in the Middle East,
  Southeast Asia, SAARC countries, the EU and the
  United States

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• A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a
  protective outer covering. The formation of the
  seed is part of the process of reproduction in
  seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the
  gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
• Seeds are the product of the ripened ovule, after
  fertilization by pollen and some growth within
  the mother plant. The embryo is developed from
  the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments
  of the ovule.
• Seeds have been an important development in the
  reproduction and success of gymnosperm and
  angiosperm plants, relative to more primitive
  plants such as ferns, mosses and liverworts,
  which do not have seeds and use water-dependent
  means to propagate themselves. Seed plants now
  dominate biological niches on land, from forests
  to grasslands both in hot and cold climates.
• The term "seed" also has a general meaning that
  antedates the aboveanything that can be sown,
  e.g. "seed" potatoes, "seeds" of corn or
  sunflower "seeds". In the case of sunflower and
  corn "seeds", what is sown is the seed enclosed
  in a shell or husk, whereas the potato is a tuber.

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• Seeds are produced in several related groups of
  plants, and their manner of production
  distinguishes the angiosperms ("enclosed seeds")
  from the gymnosperms ("naked seeds"). Angiosperm
  seeds are produced in a hard or fleshy structure
  called a fruit that encloses the seeds, hence the
  name. Some fruits have layers of both hard and
  fleshy material. In gymnosperms, no special
  structure develops to enclose the seeds, which
  begin their development "naked" on the bracts of
  cones. However, the seeds do become covered by
  the cone scales as they develop in some species
  of conifer.
• Seed production in natural plant populations
  varies widely from year to year in response to
  weather variables, insects and diseases, and
  internal cycles within the plants themselves.
  Over a 20-year period, for example, forests
  composed of loblolly pine and shortleaf pine
  produced from 0 to nearly 5 million sound pine
  seeds per hectare. Over this period, there were
  six bumper, five poor, and nine good seed crops,
  when evaluated for production of adequate
  seedlings for natural forest reproduction.

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