Turner syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment of Turner syndrome (1)

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Turner syndrome
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Turner syndrome

• Turner syndrome is a health complication that
  affects only girls and women when the X
  chromosome (a sex chromosome) is partially or
  completely missing. The syndrome can lead to
  developmental problems like short height, failure
  to start puberty, infertility, heart
  problems, learning issues and social behaviour
  problems. Turner syndrome is usually diagnosed
  in prenatal stages, during infancy or in early
  childhood. In some cases, the diagnosis is
  delayed till teen age because of mild signs and
  symptoms of the syndrome.

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Causes of Turner syndrome

• Most people are born with two sex chromosomes. A
  boy gets the X chromosome from his mother and the
  Y chromosome from his father. Similarly, a girl
  gets one X chromosome from each parent. If a girl
  has Turner syndrome, one X chromosome will be
  partially or fully absent. Symptoms of Turner
  syndrome includes 
• The reason behind the absence of an X chromosome
  may be because of an error in the father's sperm
  or in the mother's egg. This results in every
  cell having only one X chromosome.
• In certain cases, an error occurs in cell
  division during initial stages of foetal
  development. This results in some cells having
  two copies of the X chromosome. Other cells
  contain only one copy of the X chromosome.

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Symptoms

• Symptoms of Turner syndrome vary indefinitely
  during different stages of a girls
  life Before birth 
• Excessive fluid collection at the back of the
  neck or unusual fluid collections
• Heart irregularities
• Abnormal kidneys
• At birth or during infancy 
• Wide neck
• Small lower jaw
• Narrow and high roof of the mouth

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Symptoms
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• Receding hairline at the back of the head
• Low-set ears
• Broad chest and widely spaced nipples
• Short height, fingers and toes
• Arms that turn outward at the elbows
• Narrow, turned upward fingernails and toenails
• Inflammation of the hands and feet
• Delayed overall body development
• In teens, young and old women 
• Less growth in childhood
• Short height, about 20 centimeters, less than
  expected

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Symptoms
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• Normal intelligence with learning disabilities,
  especially concepts
• Difficulty in understanding other people's
  emotions or reactions
• Failure to start sexual changes expected
  during puberty
• Sexual growth that halts during teenage years
• Early end to the menses not due to pregnancy
• Inability to conceive a child without fertility
  treatment

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Treatments

• Treatment for Turner syndrome involves hormone
  therapies for all girls and women 
• In most of the cases, girls are
  recommended growth hormone therapy. The objective
  is to increase height as much as possible at
  right times during your daughter's childhood and
  teen years. Growth hormone treatment is given in
  the injection form several times a week. In
  addition, your doctor may recommend an androgen
  called oxandrolone.
• Most girls with Turner syndrome require estrogen
  and similar hormone therapy to start puberty and
  achieve adult sexual development. Normally,
  Estrogen replacement therapy carries on for life
  until a woman reaches the average age
  of menopause.
• Its difficult to distinguish the symptoms of
  Turner syndrome from other disorders. See your
  primary care physician if you believe your
  daughter shows signs of Turner syndrome.

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