What is a Optical Transceiver

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What is a Optical Transceiver
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ceiver/sfpplus.html
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Optical Transceivers are typically used to create
high bandwidth links between network switches.
GBIC, SFP, XENPAK, X2 and XFP are all form
factors of Optical Transceiver providing up to 10
Gbps data throughput.
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With Optical Transceiver you can also create data
transmission links capable of long range
transmission.
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Optical Transceivers include both a transmitter
and a receiver in the same component. These are
arranged in parallel so that they can operate
independently of each other. Both the receiver
and the transmitter have their own circuitry so
that they can handle transmissions in both
directions.
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Optical Transceivers typically interface with two
common types of fiber optic cables, single mode
and multimode. Single mode is an optical fiber
that will allow only one mode to propagate. 
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The fiber has a very small core diameter of
approximately 8 µm. It permits signal
transmission at extremely high bandwidth and
allows very long transmission distances.
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Multimode fiber optic cable supports the
propagation of multiple transmission modes
(wavelengths). Multi mode fiber typically has a
core diameter of 50 to 100 µm with a refractive
index that is graded or stepped.
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It allows the use of inexpensive LED light
sources and connector alignment and coupling is
less critical than single mode fiber. Distances
of transmission and transmission bandwidth are
less than with single mode fiber due to
dispersion.
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Some fiber optic transceivers can be used for
both single mode and multimode cables. Common
connector types for Optical Transceivers include
Bionic, D4, ESCON, FC, FDDI, LC, Loopback, MTP,
MT-RJ, MU, SC, SMA, and ST. General performance
specifications to consider include wavelength,
operating voltage, data rate, and bandwidth.
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Important receiver performance parameters to
consider when searching for Optical Transceivers
include sensitivity, responsivity, and receiver
rise time. The sensitivity specifies the weakest
optical signal that can be received. 
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The minimum signal that can be received depends
on the noise floor of the transceiver module
module front end. The measure of responsivity is
the ratio of radiant energy expressed in watts
(W) incident on the device, to the resulting
photocurrent expressed in amperes .
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It is represented as an absolute sensitivity
expressed by A/W. In the approximation of a step
function, the receiver rise time is the time
required for a signal to change from a specified
10 to 90 of full power.
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Rise time is a way of expressing the speed of the
receiver. Important transmitter performance
specifications to consider include light source,
spectral width, and maximum optical output power
and transmitter rise time. The light source can
be LED or laser diode. 
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Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have relatively
large emitting areas and as a result are not as
good light sources as Laser diodes. However, they
are widely used for short to moderate
transmission distances because they are much more
economical. Laser Diodes (LDs) can couple many
times more power to optical fiber than LEDs. 
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CONCLUSION
They are primarily used for applications that
require the transmission of signals over long
distances. In the approximation of a step
function, the transmitter rise time is the time
required for a signal to change from a specified
10 to 90 of full power.
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