Brucellosis

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Brucellosis
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Brucellosis

• Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease (any disease
  or infection that is naturally transmissible from
  vertebrate animals to humans and vice-versa is
  classified as a zoonotic disease).It is also
  known as undulant fever, Mediterranean fever
  or Malta fever.  Brucellosis is a disease of
  mainly cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs.The
  infection can be easily transmitted to humans by
  animals through direct contact with infected
  materials like afterbirth or indirectly by
  ingestion of animal products and by inhalation of
  airborne agents.Intake of raw milk and cheese
  made from raw milk (fresh cheese) is the major
  source of infection in man. It is also an
  occupational disease for people who work in the
  livestock sector. It affects people of all age
  groups and of both sexes.

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Causes of Brucellosis

• Brucellosis is caused by different species of
  bacteria Brucella such as Brucella abortus,
  Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella
  canis. They are shed in large numbers in the
  urine, milk and placental fluid of infected
  animals.The infection is transmitted to humans
  by animals through three different ways-
• Infection can occur with direct contact with
  infected materials like afterbirth, blood, urine
  through broken skin, mucus membrane or
  conjunctiva.
• Infection can take place indirectly by ingestion
  of animal products such as raw milk and cheese
  made from raw milk. It is the major source of
  infection in humans.

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Causes of Brucellosis
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• Brucella may last for longer periods in dust,
  dung, water, slurry, aborted fetuses, soil, meat
  and dairy products.

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Diagnosis of Brucellosis

• The clinical picture is not specific therefore
  diagnosis needs to be supported by laboratory
  tests.Presumptive diagnosis 
• Rose Bengal test (RBT) can be done for screening
  positive tests to be confirmed by one of the
  tests
• Standard agglutination test (SAT).
• Confirmatory diagnosis 
• Isolation of Brucella spp. from blood or other
  clinical specimen.
• A laboratory diagnosis based on detection of
  agglutinating antibodies (RBT, SAT) combined with
  detection of non-agglutinating antibodies
  through
• ELISA IgG test,
• Coombs IgG.

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Prevention

• The simplest approach for preventing human
  brucellosis is the control and elimination of the
  infection in animals.
• Vaccination of cattle is suggested for control of
  bovine brucellosis in enzootic (constant presence
  of a disease in animal population) areas with
  high prevalence rates.
• Elimination by testing and culling is the way to
  the extraction of brucellosis in regions with a
  low prevalence.
• People should be educated to avoid consuming
  unpasteurized milk and milk derivatives and to
  cook meat adequately.

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Symptoms of Brucellosis

• Initial symptoms of the disease include fever,
  weakness, malaise, anorexia, headache, pain in
  muscles and joint or back, fatigue.Some signs
  and symptoms may persist for longer period are-
• Recurrent fever, arthritis, swelling of the
  testicle and scrotal area, swelling of the heart
  (endocarditis), chronic fatigue, depression,
  swelling of the liver or spleen.
• Complications may affect any organ system.

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