Immunochemistry - Humoral Immunity

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Immunochemistry Humoral Immunity
R. C. Gupta Professor and Head Dept. of
Biochemistry National Institute of Medical
Sciences Jaipur, India
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E M B - R C G
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Innate immunity
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EMB-RCG
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Acquired immunity
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Acquired immunity comprises
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EMB-RCG
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Antigens
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Haptens
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Role of lymphocytes
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Humoral immunity
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Immunoglobulin light chains
Light chains are smaller than heavy chains
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Immunoglobulin heavy chains
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Action of papain
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Antigen-antibody interaction
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Effector mechanisms
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Neutralization
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Neutralization
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Opsonisation
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Opsonisation
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Complement activation
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Complement activation
Phagocyte
Antibody
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Classification of immunoglobulins
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Immuno- globulin class Heavy chains Light chains
IgA a k or l
IgG g k or l
IgD d k or l
IgE e k or l
IgM m k or l
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Subclasses
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IgG
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EMB-RCG
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IgA
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Secretory IgA
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IgM
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IgE
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EMB-RCG
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IgD
Function of IgD is not known
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Important features of Ig classes
Class of Ig
Plasma conc (mg/dl)
Half- life (days)
Active against
Bacteria and viruses
IgG
700-1,500
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Strongly antiviral, weakly antibacterial
60-500
5-6
IgA
Strongly antibacterial, weakly antiviral
IgM
40-200
5-6
Anti-parasitic, mediates allergic reactions
IgE
0.01-0.1
2-3
Function not known
IgD
0.3-40
2-3
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EMB-RCG
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Idiotypes
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Idiotype
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Isotypes
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Isotype
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Allotypes
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Allotype
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Antibody diversity
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Human beings can synthesize millions of unique
antibodies
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So, we need millions of genes to encode the
huge repertoire of antibodies
However, the number of antibody genes in human
genome is less than 200
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Gene re-arrangement
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Light chain gene re-arrangement
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Light chain gene re-arrangement
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Heavy chain gene re-arrangement
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Heavy chain gene-rearrangement
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Combinatorial diversity
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Junctional diversity
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Somatic hypermutation
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Re-arranged heavy chain gene
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C Segments of heavy chain gene
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Class switching
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Class switching from IgM to IgA2
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Primary response
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Secondary response
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Differentiation of B cells into plasma
cells
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Immunization
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Features of an effective vaccine
The vaccine itself should not cause disease or
death
Safe
Must protect against illness from exposure to
live pathogen
Protective
Protection should be long-lasting
Sustained effect
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Passive immunity
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Production of monoclonal antibodies
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Procedure
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Production of monoclonal antibodies
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In HAT medium
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Complement system
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X ? Xa Xb
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Classic complement cascade
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Recognition phase
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Complement system Recognition phase
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Membrane attack phase
C5a
C5
C8
C6 C7
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Lectin pathway
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Alternate complement pathway
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Allergy
Allergy is described as a side effect of immunity
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It is an altered immune response to an otherwise
innocuous antigen
Antigens evoking an allergic response are called
allergens
EMB-RCG
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EMB-RCG
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EMB-RCG
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EMB-RCG
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EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG