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Specific immune response
The specific or adaptive immune response can
target a specific pathogen, although it is
slower to act than the non-specific response.
It features two main types of response to
pathogens

• the cellular or cell-mediated response involves
  highly-specialised cells that target pathogens
  inside cells.

• the humoral or antibody-mediated response targets
  pathogens in body fluids with antibodies.

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What are lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell
(leukocyte) found in the blood and lymph nodes.
Lymphocytes recognise antigen molecules on the
surface of pathogens, and co-ordinate the immune
response against that pathogen.
Collectively, lymphocytes can recognise millions
of different antigens, due to the large variation
of lymphocytes produced.
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Different types of lymphocytes
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Cellular immune response
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Humoral immune response
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Effector mechanisms
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Immunological memory
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Antibody structure
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What are monoclonal antibodies?
Polyclonal antibodies are naturally produced in
an immune response. Different plasma cells
secrete antibodies, resulting in a variety of
different antibodies against a specific antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are antibodies
produced from clones of a single plasma cell and
are therefore all identical. They have many
important uses, such as

• the treatment of cancer and other diseases

• drug screening

• home pregnancy kits

• scientific research.

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Production of monoclonal antibodies (1)
Large quantities of mAbs can be produced using
mice or rabbits.
A specific antigen is injected into the animal,
stimulating the production of plasma cells.
The plasma cells are removed from the animal and
fused with cancerous myeloma cells from normal
mice. These form immortal hybridoma cells, which
can produce a single type of antibody
indefinitely.
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Production of monoclonal antibodies (2)
The problem with using mouse-derived (murine)
mAbs in humans is that they may be recognised as
foreign. This will trigger an immune response,
which quickly inactivates the mAbs.
murine
The immune response can be minimised by using
genetic engineering to create humanised mAbs.
These consist of mainly human polypeptide chains,
with only the amino acids at the antigen-binding
site derived from mice.
humanized
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Lymphocytes
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Humoral and cellular response
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Antibody structure
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The ELISA test