Carbon and its

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Carbon and its Compounds for Class 10th
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Here we are going to study about Carbon and its
compounds. Why does only carbon consist of the
traits of such chemical combination nature? Here
you will get your answers about Carbon and its
Compounds Class 10th notes . Like we all should
know that our food, clothes, books, and many
other things that are used by us daily, contains
Carbon. What is Carbon? Carbon-Carbon is a
major and important element among the elements
found on Earth. The sign of this element is C
and atomic number is 4, atomic mass is 12. Due
to its unique properties, it has the special
place in the chemistry and a separate branch
known as organic chemistry
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Carbon present on earths crust in 0.02 only in
mineral form( like Carbonates that form
limestone and dolomite, hydrogen carbonates, coal
, petroleum and some pure form of carbon
minerals like graphite, and diamond), and in the
environment has 0.03 in the form of carbon
dioxide( CO2). And that small presence makes
such a unique diversity.
Properties of Carbons in Carbon and its
Compounds Lesson Carbon has infinite numbers of
compounds because it shows a unique property of
catenation and it has a covalence property ( that
means it can mutually share its electron pair
with other element ) it has a valency of
-4. Versatile Nature of Carbon has Some Unique
Properties While making Carbon and its
Compounds There are many other elements which
make Carbon and its Compounds of its different
reasons 1. Tetravalency-Carbon has a four
electrons in the valence shell and to attain
noble and to attain a stable electronic
configuration it should have at least 8
electrons in the valence shell (octet rule) and
its tough to gain 4 electrons or to lose 4
electrons because it require a great amount of
energy so to avoid this carbon show a unique
property of tetravalent or covalence that it
mutually share its electron Pair and form bonds
which are known as covalent bonds.
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• What is Catenation-Catenation, it is a unique
  property of element to form a bond with itself
  and form long chains. This property is dominant
  in carbon, significant among sulphur and
  slightly present in germanium, nitrogen,
  seleurium and tellurium.
• Polymerizations-The Process of making long chain
  of element by adding no. of mono bar (small
  element) with same elements in a reaction are
  called polymerisation. For example Ethene
  converts into polythene and ester into
  polyester.
• Isomer-The carbon compounds which have same
  chemical formula, but different structural
  formula is known as isomers. For example, butane
  and isobutene.
• Essential Points of Carbon and its Compounds
  Which will Work as Notes for Class 10th
• Carbon and its compounds have their key features
  also like if we classify it as.
• A. Carbon compoundsThe compounds which have
  carbon in its molecular formula. For example
  CO2, C6H12O6, CH3COOH etc.
• If we classify it, we found organic and inorganic
  Compounds
• Inorganic compounds- It is a typical compound
  that lack carbon hydrogen bonds in it.
• Organic compounds-These compounds have carbon
  form the covalent bond with the hydrogen and
  with other elements like oxygen, nitrogen and
  Carbides, oxides of carbon, carbonates, hydrogen
  carbonates and salts are continued to be studied
  in this group.
• B. Hydrocarbon-In which we found both hydrogen
  and carbon in its molecular formulas. For
  example -CH4, C2H6 etc,

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Classification of Hydrocarbon- 1. Saturated
compounds Saturated compounds are those carbon
compounds that have carbon atoms bonded single
bonds and in unsaturated compounds the carbon
atoms are bonded by double or triple bonds. (i)
Alkane- having single bond compound, e.g.
Ethane In these compound we cannot add more
hydrogen hydrogen (CnH2n2 where n is the number
of carbon)
2. Unsaturated compounds (i) Alkene having
double bond, E.g.,Ethene (CnH2n where n is the
number of carbon)
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• (ii) Alkyne Having Triple bonds with different
  structures. (CnH2n-2 where n is the number of
  carbon compounds)
• (A) Alicyclic
• Cycloalkane alkane is in cyclic form
• Cycloalkene cyclic form of alkene
• Cycloalkyne cyclic form of alkyne

E.g.,
Ethyne

• These are some structures in cyclic structure
• Aromatic compoundThey have the ring structure
  and they have specific aroma or smell for e.g.
  Benzene.
• Aliphatic compoundsThey are open chained hydrocar
  bon and Saturated Compounds
• Class 10th Crbon and its Compounds Nomenclature

No. of carbon as prefixes Alkane(single) As suffix CnH2n2 Alkene(double) As suffix CnH2n Alkyne(triple) As suffix CnH2n-2
1.Meth Methane ------- -------
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2.Eth Ethane Ethene Ethyne
3.Prop Propane propene Propyne
4.But Butane Butene Butyne
5.Pent Pentane Pentene Pentyne
6.Hex Hexane Hexene Hexyne
7.Hept Heptane Heptene Heptyne
8.Oct Octane Octene Octyne
9.Non Nonane Nonene Nonyne
10.Dec Decane Decene Decyne
The alkene or alkyne start it formation with eth
not with meth this is because in meth there is
only one carbon and four hydrogens (it is an
exception to octet rule that it can form only
duplet) carbon is making its bond with hydrogen
in meth and for the formation of alkene or
alkyne it needs to have double or triple bonds
which is not possible with hydrogen that why the
formation of alkene or alkyne starts from
eth. Isomers of pentane- These are the same
molecular formula with different structures like
in C5H12 having the same formula but with
different structure.
This are some structural difference of same
isomers of pentane
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Pentane isomer structure Electron dot
structure The structure in which outer most
electrons of elements are represented in the
form of dot or cross or they encircled to satisfy
the outermost electronic configuration up to
8.is known as electron dot structure.
No. of Elements Electron dot structure Normal structure
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• In this carbon and compounds notes, there are
  some important topics like Electron dot
  structure of CO2 and Electron dot structure of
  Cyclopentane.
• Electron dot structure of CO2-

In this picture you see a cross which denotes the
4 or tetra valence electron of carbon(c) and on
the other side dots are signs of 6 valence
electrons of oxygen, both carbon and oxygen are
mutually sharing there electron pairs to satisfy
its octet.
This line structure of CO2 which shown below
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Electron Dot Structure of cyclopentane There are
many things to be known in terms of chemistry of
carbon for which IUPAC (International union of
pure and applied chemistry) have formulated some
rules lets discuss some of them Functional
group The element or the Carbon and its
Compounds which replace one or two or more
hydrogens from aliphatic, aromatic and cyclic
compounds of carbon they are known as functional
group Homologous series - the homologues series
is a sequence of compound that has the
functional group and they exhibit similar
chemical and physical properties.
Name of Heteroatom Compounds class Name of functional group
Chlorine / bromine halogen -Cl, -Br
Oxygen Alcohol -OH
Carboxylic acid -CO-OH
Aldehyde -CO-H
ketone -CO (it will be open from both sides to make another compound)
Name of compound class Prefix Suffix
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Halogen Chloro / bromo
Alcohol Ol
Carboxylic acid Oic acid
Aldehyde Al
ketone One (after deleting last letter "e" from word)

• There are Some Important Rules of IUPAC
  Nomenclature
• Longest chain of the carbon chain will be
  considered as a parent chain.
• From which branch seems to close the main chain
  numbering will start from them
• We will use prefixes if we find more than one
  branch like tri, tetra etc.
• Alphabetical order should be maintained.

• Chemical Properties of Carbon and its Compounds
• A. Combustion reaction- A lot of Carbon and its
  compounds on its reaction with oxygen leads to
  the evolution of large amount of carbon dioxide
  and heat this reaction is also known as
  oxidation reaction.in this reaction saturated
  carbon compounds give clean blue flame and
  unsaturated hydrocarbons give sooty flame
• C O2 ? CO2 heat and light
• CH4 O2 ? CO2 H2O heat and light
• CH3CH2OH O2 ? CO2 H2O heat and light
• B. Oxidation reaction-The Carbon and its
  Compounds on heating undergoes compete oxidation
  that means it add more oxygen in it one of the

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classic example of this scenario when alcohols
are reacted with potassium paramagnet it
completely oxidize into carboxylic acid. C.
Addition reaction- This reaction is use in the
hydrogenation (means addition of hydrogen) in
oils, in this reaction the unsaturated
hydrocarbons are converted into saturated
hydrocarbon by making them react with hydrogen in
the presence of nickel as catalyst D.
Substitution reaction- If we substitute or
replace any atom or a group of atoms from any
reaction and substitute it with any other atom
then the reaction is known as substitution
reaction. For example CH4 Cl2 ? CH3Cl HCl
(in the presence of sunlight) These are some
important chemical reactions, now we will go
further with our journey and understand about
two important Carbon and its Compounds ethanol
and Ethanoic acid. Difference Between Ethanol
and Ethanoic Acid
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
Functional group is Alcohol Functional group is Carboxylic acid
Neutral in nature Acidic in nature
Cannot react with baking soda Ethanoic acid NaHCO3 -gt salt water CO2
it is also used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups, and many tonics 5-8 solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is used widely as a preservative in pickles
2Na 2CH3CH2OH ? 2CH3CH2O Na H2 (Sodium ethoxide) Ethanoic acid reacts with absolute ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst to give an ester
intake of even a small quantity of pure ethanol (called absolute alcohol) can be very dangerous The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and hence it often freezes during winter in cold climates. This gave rise to its name glacial acetic acid
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Esterification- Esters are easily formed by
esterification reaction which is a reaction
between alcohol and acid (in this ethanol and
carboxylic acid) esters are sweet smelling
compounds. This compound is used in the
preparation of perfumes and sweet smelling
compounds. When esters are treated sodium
hydroxide (which is an alkali) it gives back
alcohol and sodium salt of fatty acids this
reaction is known as saponification reaction
which is used in the preparation of
soaps. CHCOOC2H5 --gt C2H5OH CH3COONa Differenc
e Between the Soap and Detergent
Soap Detergent
The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids Molecules have long hydrocarbon chain and a water soluble ionic groups
Cannot be used in hard water Can be used in hard water
Slow dissolve power Dissolve faster
They are non- pollutant or biodegradable They are more polluting than soap and non- biodegradable
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