Eliott Dear Esq | Law Enforcement Agencies

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Law Enforcement Agencies
Eliott Dear Esq
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Early English Police The Tithing System

• Families banded together for protection
• Tithings were formed (10 families)
• Ten tithings banded together to form a hundred
  supervised by the reeve (later replaced by the
  constable.)
• Hundreds banded together to form shires
  supervised by the shire reeve

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The Watch System 13th Century

• Employed watchmen to protect property against
  fire and robbery
• Justice of the peace (replaced the shire reeve in
  1326) established and given judicial duties
• Constables served as assistants to justices of
  the peace

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18th Century English Policing

• Industrial revolution takes place and crime
  dramatically increases
• In 1829, the Metropolitan Police Act (MPA) is
  passed in Parliament while Sir Robert Peel is
  home secretary
• The MPA creates the first organized police force
  of over 1,000 men

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19th Century American Policing

• Police were incompetent, disliked and corrupt
• Primary functions were to
• Serve as enforcement powers for reigning
  political powers
• Protect private property
• Control the rising number of foreign immigrants

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Professional Model of Policing

• A style of policing advocated by August Vollmer
  and O.W. Wilson that emphasizes
• Centralized police organizations
• Increased use of technology
• Limitation of police discretion through
  regulations and guidelines

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Turmoil in the 1960s

• The 1960s was one of the most turbulent decades
  in American history.
• The National Advisory Commission on Civil
  Disorders stated that poor relations between the
  police and African American communities were
  partly to blame for the violence that plagued
  many American communities.

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Policing in the 1970s

• Emphasis on good police-community relationships
• Federal assistance to local and state agencies to
  fight the war on crime
• Recruitment and promotion of women and minorities
  increased

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Municipal Police

• Have majority of personnel
• NYPD is largest
• Large small departments have same functions
• Average cost per officer per year is estimated at
  about 63,000

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Law Enforcement Agencies

• Though difficult to count, reliable data
  indicates there are
• Over 13,500 law enforcement agencies employing
  over 950,000 people.
• 3,088 sheriffs departments.
• 1,332 special police agencies limited to policing
  places like parks, schools and airports.
• 49 state police departments, with Hawaii being
  the one exception.
• 50 federal law enforcement agencies

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County Law Enforcement

• The County Sheriffs Department Responsible for
• Law enforcement
• Local corrections (jail)
• Civil law authority
• Court-related duties

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State Police Agencies

• Texas Rangers was one of the first state agencies
  formed
• Responsible for
• Highway safety
• Law enforcement in various areas
• Technical support to other agencies

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Federal Law Enforcement

• Numerous agencies, found in a variety of
  departments of federal government
• No single agency has unlimited jurisdiction
• Most agencies have primarily investigative
  functions
• Specific laws determine function of each agency

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Department of Homeland Security

• A new, cabinet level department established in
  the wake of 9/11
• Combines twenty-two existing federal agencies
• Will change the nature of federal law enforcement
  

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Problems with Private Security

• Lack of employment standards
• Quality of many people employed
• Minimal training (Ex Atascocita Walmart)
• Poor pay

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• Why has the private security business grown?

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What Police Do?

• Enforce the law
• Provide services
• Prevent Crime
• Preserve the peace

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Police Discretion

• The courts have recognized that a patrol officer
  is in a unique position to be allowed
  discretionary powers
• Police are considered trustworthy and are assumed
  to make the right decisions.
• Experience and training give officers te ability
  to use their discretion to make the proper
  decisions.
• Due to the nature of their jobs, police are
  extremely knowledgeable in human, and by
  extension criminal, behavior.
• Police may find themselves in danger of personal
  physical harm and must be allowed to take
  reasonable and necessary steps to protect
  themselves.

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The Changing Role of Police

• Decentralization of some police services and
  increased sensitivity to community needs
• Increase use of civilians in various positions
• New kinds of laws to enforce and new crimes to
  investigate

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Thank You