ppt on famous scientist

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MASONIC PUBLIC SCHOOL
NAME HARSH CLASS IXth C ROLL NO 12 SUBJECT
SCIENCE TOPIC FAMOUS SCIENTIST
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PRAFULLA CHANDRA ROY
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INFORMATION
Prafulla Chandra Ray (also spelled Prafulla
Chandra Rây and Prafulla Chandra Roy) Praphulla
Chandra Ray 2 August 1861  16 June 1944)2 was
an eminent Bengali chemist, educationist,
historian, industrialist and philanthropist.2
He established the first modern Indian research
school in chemistry (post classical age) and is
regarded as the father of chemical science in
India.3 The Royal Society of Chemistry
honoured his life and work with the first ever
Chemical Landmark Plaque outside Europe. He was
the founder of Bengal Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals, India's first pharmaceutical
company. He is the author of A History of Hindu
Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle
of Sixteenths Century (1902).
4
Prafulla Chandra Ray was born in the village of
Raruli-Katipara, then in the Jessore District
(subsequently in the Khulna District), which was
then situated in the eastern portion of the
Bengal Presidency of British India (now in
present-day Bangladesh). He was the third child
and son of Harish Chandra Raychowdhury (d. 1893),
a Kayastha zamindar (landed proprietor) and his
wife Bhubanmohini Devi (d. 1904), the daughter of
a local taluqdar.45 Ray was one of seven
siblings, having four brothers Jnanendra
Chandra, Nalini Kanta, Purna Chandra and Buddha
Dev and two sisters, Indumati and Belamati,
both born after their brothers of Ray's
siblings, all except Buddha Dev and Belamati
survived to adulthood.5 Ray's
great-grandfather Maniklal had been a dewan under
the British East India Company's district
collector of Krishnanagar and Jessore, and had
amassed considerable wealth in the service of the
Company. After succeeding to his father's post,
Ray's grandfather Anandlal, a progressive man,
sent his son Harish Chandra to receive a modern
education at Krishnagar Government College.5 At
the college, Harish Chandra received a thorough
grounding in English, Sanskrit and Persian,
though he was ultimately forced to end his
studies to help support his family. Liberal and
cultured, Harish Chandra pioneered English-medium
education and women's education in his village,
establishing both a middle school for boys and
one for girls, and admitting his wife and sister
to the latter.5 Harish Chandra was strongly
associated with the Brahmo Samaj,6 and Ray
would maintain his connections with the Samaj
throughout his life.

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C.V. RAMAN
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INFORMATION
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (/'r??m?n/1 7
November 1888  21 November 1970) was an Indian
physicist who made groundbreaking works in the
field of light scattering.2 With his student K.
S. Krishnan, he discovered that when light
traverses a transparent material, some of the
deflected light change wavelength and amplitude.
This phenomenon was a new type of scattering of
light and was subsequently known as the Raman
effect (Raman scattering).34 His works earned
him the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics and was the
first non-white, Indian or Asian person to
receive a Nobel Prize in any branch of
science.5 Born to Hindu Tamil Brahmin parents,
Raman was a precocious child, completing his
secondary and higher secondary education from St
Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the ages of
11 and 13, respectively. He topped bachelor's
degree examination at the University of Madras
with honours in physics from Presidency College
at age 16. His first research paper, on
diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while
still a graduate student. The next year he
obtained an M.A. degree. He was 19 years of age
when he joined the Indian Finance Service in
Kolkata as Assistant Accountant General. There he
became acquainted with the Indian Association for
the Cultivation of Science (IACS), the first
research institute in India, which allowed him to
do independent research and where he made his
major contributions in acoustics and optics.
7
In 1917, he was appointed as the first Palit
Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at
the Rajabazar Science College under the
University of Calcutta. On his first trip to
Europe, seeing the Mediterranean Sea motivated
him to correctly describe the reason for the blue
colour of the sea as a phenomenon of diffraction.
He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926.
He and Krishnan discovered on 28 February 1928 a
novel phenomenon of light scattering, which they
called "modified scattering," but more famously
known as the Raman effect. The day is celebrated
by the Government of India as the National
Science Day every year.6 Raman moved to the
Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore in 1933
to become its first Indian Director. There he
founded the Indian Academy of Sciences the same
year. He established the Raman Research Institute
in 1948 where he worked to his last days. In
1954, the Government of India honoured him with
the first Bharat Ratna (along with politician C.
Rajagopalachari and philosopher Sarvepalli
Radhakrishnan), its highest civilian award.78
He later smashed the medallion in protest against
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's policies on
scientific research
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JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE
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INFORMATION
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Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in a Bengali
Kayastha family in Munsiganj (Bikrampur), Bengal
Presidency (present-day Bangladesh)614 on 30
November 1858. His father, Bhagawan Chandra Bose,
was a leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and
worked as a deputy magistrate and assistant
commissioner in Faridpur,15 Bardhaman and other
places.16 Bose's education started in a
vernacular school, because his father believed
that one must know one's own mother tongue before
beginning English, and that one should know also
one's own people. Speaking at the Bikrampur
Conference in 1915, Bose said At that time,
sending children to English schools was an
aristocratic status symbol. In the vernacular
school, to which I was sent, the son of the
Muslim attendant of my father sat on my right
side, and the son of a fisherman sat on my left.
They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to
their stories of birds, animals, and aquatic
creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my
mind a keen interest in investigating the
workings of Nature. When I returned home from
school accompanied by my school fellows, my
mother welcomed and fed all of us without
discrimination. Although she was an orthodox
old-fashioned lady. It was because of my
childhood friendship with them. I never realised
that there existed a 'problem' common to the two
communities, Hindus and Muslims.16
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A.P. J. ABDUL KALAM
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INFORMATION
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul
Kalam 15
October 1931 27 July 2015) was an Indian
aerospace scientist and politician who served as
the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. He
was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and
studied physics and aerospace engineering. He
spent the next four decades as a scientist and
science administrator, mainly at the Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was
intimately involved in India's civilian space
programme and military missile development
efforts.1 He thus came to be known as the
Missile Man of India for his work on the
development of ballistic missile and launch
vehicle technology.234 He also played a
pivotal organisational, technical, and political
role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998,
the first since the original nuclear test by
India in 1974.5 Kalam was elected as the 11th
President of India in 2002 with the support of
both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the
then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely
referred to as the "People's President",6 he
returned to his civilian life of education,
writing and public service after a single term.
He was a recipient of several prestigious awards,
including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest
civilian honour.
13
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on
15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the
pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island,
then in the Madras Presidency and now in the
State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen was
a boat owner and imam of a local mosque9 his
mother Ashiamma was a housewife.10111213
His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims
back and forth between Rameswaram and the now
uninhabited Dhanushkodi.1415 Kalam was the
youngest of four brothers and one sister in his
family.161718 His ancestors had been
wealthy traders and landowners, with numerous
properties and large tracts of land. Their
business had involved trading groceries between
the mainland and the island and to and from Sri
Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the
mainland and Pamban. As a result, the family
acquired the title of "Mara Kalam Iyakkivar"
(wooden boat steerers), which over the years
became shortened to "Marakier." With the opening
of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914,
however, the businesses failed and the family
fortune and properties were lost over time, apart
from the ancestral home.19 By his early
childhood, Kalam's family had become poor at an
early age, he sold newspapers to supplement his
family's income.202021 In his school
years, Kalam had average grades but was described
as a bright and hardworking student who had a
strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his
studies, especially mathematics.21 After
completing his education at the Schwartz Higher
Secondary School,
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HAR GOBIND KHORANA
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INFORMATION
Har Gobind Khorana (9 January 1922 9 November
2011)123 was an Indian American
biochemist.4 While on the faculty of the
University of WisconsinMadison, he shared the
1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with
Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for
research that showed the order of nucleotides in
nucleic acids, which carry the genetic code of
the cell and control the cell's synthesis of
proteins. Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded
the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia
University in the same year.56 Born in
British India, Khorana served on the faculties of
three universities in North America. He became a
naturalized citizen of the United States in
1966,7 and received the National Medal of
Science in 1987.
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Khorana was born to Krishna Devi Khorana and
Ganpat Rai Khorana, in Raipur, a village in
Multan, Punjab, British India (now in present-day
Pakistan) in a Hindu family.9 The exact date of
his birth is not certain but he believed that it
might have been 9 January 192210 this date was
later shown in some documents, and has been
widely accepted.11 He was the youngest of five
children. His father was a patwari, a village
agricultural taxation clerk in the British Indian
government. In his autobiography, Khorana wrote
this summary "Although poor, my father was
dedicated to educating his children and we were
practically the only literate family in the
village inhabited by about 100 people."12 The
first four years of his education were provided
under a tree, a spot that was, in effect, the
only school in the village.9 He attended
D.A.V. High School ( Dayanand Arya Samaj High
School now called Muslim High School) in Multan,
in West Punjab.9 Later, he studied at the
Punjab University in Lahore, with the assistance
of scholarships, where he obtained a bachelor's
degree in 194312 and a Master of Science degree
in 1945.413
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ALBERT ENISTEN
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INFORMATION
Albert Einstein 14 March 1879  18 April 1955)
was a German-born theoretical physicist5 who
developed the theory of relativity, one of the
two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum
mechanics).36274 His work is also known for
its influence on the philosophy of science.78
He is best known to the general public for his
massenergy equivalence formula E mc2, which
has been dubbed "the world's most famous
equation".9 He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in
Physics "for his services to theoretical physics,
and especially for his discovery of the law of
the photoelectric effect",10 a pivotal step in
the development of quantum theory. The son of a
salesman who later operated an electrochemical
factory, Einstein was born in the German Empire
but moved to Switzerland in 1895 and renounced
his German citizenship in 1896.5 Specializing
in physics and mathematics, he received his
academic teaching diploma from the Swiss Federal
Polytechnic School (German eidgenössische
polytechnische Schule, later ETH) in Zürich in
1900. The following year, he acquired Swiss
citizenship, which he kept for his entire life.
After initially struggling to find work, from
1902 to 1909 he was employed as a patent examiner
at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. Near the
beginning of his career, Einstein thought that
Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to
reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with
the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led
him to develop his special theory of relativity
during his time at the Swiss Patent Office. In
1905, called his annus mirabilis (miracle year),
he published four groundbreaking papers, which
attracted the attention of the academic world
the first outlined the theory of the
photoelectric effect, the second paper explained
Brownian motion, the third paper introduced
special relativity, and the fourth mass-energy
equivalence. That year, at the age of 26, he was
awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich.
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Although initially treated with skepticism from
many in the scientific community, Einstein's
works gradually came to be recognised as
significant advancements. He was invited to teach
theoretical physics at the University of Bern in
1908 and the following year moved to the
University of Zurich, then in 1911 to Charles
University in Prague before returning to the
Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich in 1912. In
1914, he was elected to the Prussian Academy of
Sciences in Berlin, where he remained for 19
years. Soon after publishing his work on special
relativity, Einstein began working to extend the
theory to gravitational fields he then published
a paper on general relativity in 1916,
introducing his theory of gravitation. He
continued to deal with problems of statistical
mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his
explanations of particle theory and the motion of
molecules. He also investigated the thermal
properties of light and the quantum theory of
radiation, the basis of laser, which laid the
foundation of the photon theory of light. In
1917, he applied the general theory of relativity
to model the structure of the universe.1112
In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United
States, Adolf Hitler came to power. Because of
his Jewish background, Einstein did not return to
Germany.13 He settled in the United States and
became an American citizen in 1940.14 On the
eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to
President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting FDR to
the potential development of "extremely powerful
bombs of a new type" and recommending that the US
begin similar research
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ISSAC NEWTON
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MARIE CURIE
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INVENTIONS OF ALBERT ENISTEN
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Albert Einstein is thought to have been a genius,
and he is considered one of the world's greatest
thinkers. Although he isn't known for inventions,
as with Thomas Edison or Nikola Tesla, Einstein's
theories and ideas related to physics continue to
exert influence today. He spent much of his life
researching his theories of relativity,
investigating space, time, matter, and energy
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Quantum Theory of Light Einstein proposed
his theory of light, stating that all light is
composed of tiny packets of energy, called
photons. He suggested these photons were
particles but also had wave-like properties, a
totally new idea at the time. He also spent some
time outlining the emission of electrons from
metals as they were hit with large electric
pulses, like lightning. He expanded on this
concept of the photoelectric effect, which we'll
discuss later in this article.
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Special Theory of Relativity In Einstein's
studies, he began to notice inconsistencies of
Newtonian mechanics in their relation to the
understanding of electromagnetism, specifically
Maxwell's equations. In a paper published in
September 1905, he proposed a new way of thinking
about the mechanics of objects approaching the
speed of light. This concept became known as
Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. It
changed the understanding of physics at the
time.  Understanding the Special Theory of
Relativity can be a little difficult, but we'll
boil it down to a simple situation.  He began
with the understanding that light always travels
at a constant 300,000 km/s, and asked what would
happen to our ideas of space and time if that was
the case? If you fire a laser at something moving
half the speed of light, the laser beam still
keeps this constant, and it doesn't travel at one
and a half times the speed of light.
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The Bose-Einstein Condensate In 1924, Einstein
was sent a paper from a physicist by the name of
Satyendra Nath Bose. This paper discussed
detailed a way to think of light as a gas, filled
with indistinguishable particles. Einstein worked
with Bose to extend this idea to atoms, which led
to a prediction for a new state of matter the
Bose-Einstein Condensate. The first example of
this state was produced in 1995.
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INVE