OCEAN Model vs HEXACO Model

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OCEAN Model vs HEXACO ModelFoundation of
Psychological Testing
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Contents

• Introduction
• Similarities
• Differences
• Standardization
• Test Norms
• Standardization Group
• Reliability
• Correlation Coefficient
• Validity
• Content Validity
• Criterion-related Validity
• Construct Validity
• Conclusion

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Introduction

• Similarities
• OCEAN Model and HEXACO Model are popular
  personality tests that consist of universal
  structure.
• Their purpose is to evaluate the personality and
  the measure applied to examine behaviours or
  attitudes.
• The four similar personality traits in these two
  models are Openness, Conscientiousness,
  Extraversion and Agreeableness.

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Differences

• OCEAN Model
• It was developed in 1936.
• Authors - Gordon Allport and Henry Odbert.
• It has five factors.
• The difference of the personality trait is
  Neuroticism.
• This model has fifteen versions.

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Fifteen OCEAN Model Versions

• 100 Trait Descriptive Adjectives (TDA)
• Big Five Mini Markers (BFMM)
• 240-item NEO Personality Inventory, Revised
  (NEO-PI-R)
• 60-item NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)
• 50-item IPIP Measures
• 20-item Mini International Personality Item Pool
  personality measure (Mini-IPIP)
• Single Item Measures of Personality (SIMP)
• 5-item Measure of the Big Five
• Ten-Item Personality Measure (TIPI)
• Five Factor Model Rating Form (FFMRF)
• 44-item Big-Five Inventory (FBI)
• Big Five Questionnaire-Children Version (BFQ-C)
• Big Five Personality Trait Short Questionnaire
  (BFPTSQ)
• 10-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10)
• Big Five Inventory-Short form (BFI-S)

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Differences

• HEXACO Model
• It was developed in the early 2000s.
• Authors - Organisational Psychologist Kibeom Lee
  and Michael C. Ashton from Canada.
• It has six factors.
• The difference of the personality trait is
  Honesty-Humility and Emotional Stability.
• Unlike OCEAN Model, this model has four versions.

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Four HEXACO Model Versions

• Brief HEXACO Inventory-24 (BHI)
• HEXACO-60
• HEXACO-100
• HEXACO-SJT (Situational Judgement Test) Items-24

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OCEAN Model Version - Big Five Personality Trait
Short Questionnaire (BFPTSQ) -
5-point Likert-type response format Totally
disagree 0 Disagree a little 1 Neutral
opinion 2 Agree a little 3 Totally agree 4
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HEXACO Model Version HEXACO-60 5 strongly
agree 4 agree 3 neutral (neither agree nor
disagree) 2 disagree 1 strongly disagree
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Standardization
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Test Norms of BFPTSQ

• BFPTSQ is a new short questionnaire
• It is modified with the standard of BFI
• Which is for adults,
• Because its psychometric properties and content
  validity
• They are adequate
• The questionnaires of BFI
• consist of short verbal statement questions
• Easier to understand than single-trait adjectives
  
• which would be difficult to translate precisely

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Test Norms of BFPTSQ

• BFPTSQ has 50 questions. Each question was
  simplified and reviewed for the language level of
  early adolescent
• Adult questions from FBI were removed, and added
  questions that are relevant to essential primary
  personality traits
• BFPTSQ can be finished around 10 to 15 minutes
• These personality scales are correlated with
  three consequential outcomes psychopathology,
  substance use and Grade Point Average (GPA)

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Test Norms of BFPTSQ

• Psychopathology
• the Youth Inventory Version 4 has seven scales
• as self-report questions related to the symptoms
• of the most popular mental disorder among
  adolescents in DSM-IV
• Substance use
• was examined with the adjusted questions
• based on Quebec Adolescents Social and Personal
  Adjustment Measures
• GPA scale
• was measured by using grades
• in the official final report cards from schools
• with the passing mark of 60

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Test Norms of BFPTSQ

• To conduct the analyses, used
• Mplus Version 6.12
• Robust maximum likelihood estimator (MLR)
• Confidence intervals (95) were used
• in the calculation
• for the precision of parameter estimates

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Test Norms of HEXACO-60

• HEXACO keeps much of the Big Five model, but
  redefines some of the personality characteristics
  and adds a sixth.
• English and later developed in other languages
  like French, Filipino, German.
• HEXACO contains 60 questions.
• A ten-point measure that is adjusting from
  strongly disagree to strongly agree was
  utilized for whole personality measurements.
• There is a strong correlation between HEXACO-60's
  six facet criteria with their counterpart in the
  Big Five Personality (BFP).

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Test Norms of HEXACO-60

• The HEXACO explains several benchmarks that
  relate to self-serving or anti-social behaviors,
  like academic and work-place failures.
• Honesty-Humility can be considered as a critical
  predictor of values and socio-political
  perspectives.
• Agreeableness in this inventory against Anger and
  Emotionality would demonstrate positively
  correlate with respectively Agreeableness and
  Neuroticism in Big Five.

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Standardization Group of BFPTSQ

• BFPTSQ was tested
• 1,036 early adolescents
• French Canadian
• Equal gender
• Between the age of 12 and 13
• From eight French-language high school
• In the province of Quebec in Canada
• From a wide range of
• Ethnic groups
• Family backgrounds
• Socioeconomic statuses

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Standardization Group of HEXACO-60

• Adult
• College student communities
• Equal gender
• English language
• Questionnaire demonstrated the desired and
  expected effects

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Reliability
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Correlation Coefficient of BFPTSQ

• BFPTSQ scales show that all the estimates are
  acceptable in reliability
• When the scales of BFI and BFPTSQ are compared by
  delta parameters
• the new questions did not show any improvement
• in reliability and negative impact
• Since not many questions were added in each
  scale,
• the reliability estimates is not expected to have
  a significant decrease,
• because some of the new questions have slightly
  low factor loadings

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Correlation Coefficient of BFPTSQ

• When models include correlated uniquenesses, the
  latent variable model composite reliability
  estimates were consistently lower
• The Cronbachs alpha coefficient will be
  traditionally accurate when the questions are
  one-dimensional, fundamentally tau-equivalent and
  the uniquenesses are not related
• This result has proven that correlated
  uniquenesses that are not included will expand
  the reliability estimates of these personality
  trait scales

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Correlation Coefficient of HEXACO-60

• Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience
  scales in HEXACO-60 has strongly correlation with
  their NEO-FFI counterpart.
• HEXACO-60 Emotionality and Agreeableness scale in
  HEXACO exhibited moderately, or relatively robust
  relations with NEO-FFI Neuroticism and
  Agreeableness, respectively.
• HEXACO-60 Honesty-Humility was the only weak
  related to the NEO-FFI scales, which illustrated
  only modest or no substantial correlations even
  with NEO-FFI Agreeableness.

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Correlation Coefficient of HEXACO-60

• Cronbachs alpha estimated averaged in all
  languages and kinds of the HEXACO-personal
  inventory were moderately.
• One of the main disadvantages of short
  personality inventory like HEXACO-60 in
  comparison to HEXACO-PI-R, is low reliability,
  especially in alpha reliability.
• The researcher may solve this problem by
  selecting consistency over coverage, therefore
  increase the alpha reliability.

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Validity
03
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Content Validity of BFPTSQ

• Six specialists in personality theory and
  construction with validation,
• Antonio Terracciano, Brent Donnellan, Brent
  Roberts, Dave Miranda, Julie Pozzebon and Lewis
  Goldberg
• rated the adequacy for all questions concerning
  to the Big Five scale
• Overall, these questions are recognized as valid
  indicators
• with the measure criteria of Content Validity
  Index
• That means, the content validity is adequate for
  the BFPTSQ scales
• Nevertheless, three new questions, were marked as
  slightly less adequate which is below criterion
  of .78
• specifically Items 48 (Machiavellianism), 45 (Low
  Self-Worth), and 42 (Sensation Seeking)

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Content Validity of HEXACO-60

• Content validity refers to how much an assessment
  inventory is relevant to the target constructed,
  designed to measure.
• It may be considered as a criterion-related
  validity of individual report estimates, probably
  less than optimum, and the reason is that they
  measure noncontectualized and personality facets.
• In HEXACO-60 despite illustrating moderate to
  high construct validity levels, the BHI is
  associated with low internal consistency.

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Criterion-related Validity of BFPTSQ

• Correlations of BFPTSQ scales with three outcomes
  have adequate concurrent validity
• Externalizing psychopathology scales have the
  highest levels of Extraversion
• as expected in meta-analytic findings
• except that the substance use was not in a
  prominently higher correlation
• Conversely, internalizing psychopathology scales
  have the lowest level of Extraversion
• Being the highest level of Extraversion, bipolar
  disorder is an exception although it is a mood
  disorder

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Criterion-related Validity of BFPTSQ

• The level of Openness is low,
• and yet it is significantly related to
  psychopathology scales positively
• as expected in the same findings
• In BFPTSQ, Openness has negative connection with
  Conduct Disorder,
• but positive connection with
• Bipolar Disorder
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Major Depression Disorder
• which are small in other correlations

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Criterion-related Validity of BFPTSQ

• Openness and Conscientiousness have positive
  connection with GPA as expected in meta-analysis
  findings
• Agreeableness has a clear connection to GPA among
  these adolescents, which are notably stronger
  than in adult samples
• The comparison tests between BFI scales and
  BFPTSQ scales proved that new questions offer
  several remarkably higher correlations with the
  outcome scales
• With the confidence intervals, all slightly
  overlap

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Criterion-related Validity of HEXACO-60

• It was deduced that there is huge degree of
  content overlap between the sixth domain of the
  HEXACO, the Honesty-Humility, and the
  Agreeableness domain.
• Criterion validity estimates how sufficiently one
  test indicates an output for one more measure.
• Many studies and researchers have discovered that
  the HEXACO, particularly the Honesty-Humility
  aspect, has greater predictive validity than the
  Five Factor Model (FFM) across several variables.
  
• The predictive validity of the HEXACO due to its
  inclusion of the Honesty-Humility domain has seen
  the HEXACO outperform the FFM fields in the
  foretelling of pretentiousness, immorality, and
  egoism.

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Criterion-related Validity of HEXACO-60

• The HEXACO as a better predictor of overt
  integrity measures.
• Weller and Tikir (2010) found that
  Honesty-Humility was associated with tendency for
  ethical and safety risk-taking.
• These outcomes indicate that the HEXACO is
  appearing as an increasingly widespread and
  popular instrument between applied psychologists
  and also there is obvious proof of its
  accumulative validity over the FFM in fields of
  relevant to personnel selection procedures.

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Construct Validity of BFPTSQ

• The questionnaire of NEO-PI-3 scales has a gold
  standard for convergent validity
• It was compared with BFPTSQ scales by using
  statistical tests
• For convergent validity, every correlation
  indicates that the BFPTSQ scales are adequate.
• These scales are notably improved convergent
  validity based on the delta parameters
• Certainly, every correlation between the broad
  scales of the Big Five trait are notably higher
• Additionally, other several correlations with
  NEO-PI-3 primary-trait scales were considerably
  expanded as expected
• It is because every primary trait has a similar
  variance related to the broad trait of Big Five
• Nevertheless, every correlation pairs in the
  confidence intervals slightly overlap

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Construct Validity HEXACO -60

• HEXACO characteristics have been established in
  order approximately coordinate and revolved
  several of Big Five Emotional Stability and
  Agreeableness.
• For Emotionality and Agreeableness seem there is
  a low convergent correlations.
• They as well discovered low convergence between
  Emotionality and Agreeableness as estimated with
  HEXACO-60.

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Conclusion

• The HEXACO model is more or less similar to
  OCEAN models except it adds Honesty.
• There are some small differences between this two
  models like, Humility, which makes it a little
  more reliable and valid Agreeableness.
• The HEXACO model has a weaker connection with
  attitude than its counterpart in OCEAN Model on
  the other hand, there are no differences in its
  relationship with behaviors.
• The Openness in the HEXACO has a more substantial
  connection or association with behavior.
• Both of these two personality models are among
  the more reliable and valid psychological
  self-report tests.

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