Annadurai civilization politics

1
Problems of Middle East And Far East
2
Introduction

• Middle East
• Super power rivalry in middle east
• Arab-Israeli war 1973 is no means matter for
  historians, plicated contentious line.
• Meanwhile, we that war itself has ended describe
  nothing more than conditional reduction the level
  violence marking conflict which continues as it
  has continued since state of Israel established
  in 1948.
• Militarily politically, the present situation
  seems, indeed, be peculiarly unstable, especially
• the Suez Canal area, where intermingling Israeli
  and Egyptian physical pattern which no endure.
  Whether negotiation fighting, unstable will
  inevitably be revised and resolved the months
  ahead, and the difficult process of may have
  repercussions which will largely invalidate any
  prediction of the made today.
• Already, however, this latest crisis given us
  body evidence bearing upon question which has
  both shaped and tormented Middle East thirty
  years question Soviet and American policies that
  area the relationship between them.

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• The evidence super-power policies in Middle East
  produced by the events the last months is more
  plentiful than obviously coher- ent.
• After two weeks hectic competition opposing
  combatants war, United States the Soviet Union.
  joined together, in apparent harmony, to sponsor
  cease-fire.
• Within three days that notable act what
  President of United States called difficult
  crisis we have since the Cuban confrontation
  1962.
• Yet, days later, the senior members of Soviet
  Politburo was able speak their 'more favourable
  conditions than before lasting and just
  settlement' of the Arab-Israeli 1 President
  Nixon Press Conference, 26 October 1973
  transcript). Smart Deputy Director and Director S
  tudies at House. This upon appearing also German
  in Europa-Archiv and Dutch in Internationale
  Spectator.

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• The Middle East has always been an area of
  interest for outside powers.
• It came under French and British control after
  the First World war.
• In the years following the Second World war it
  became an area of super power competition.
• While for the United States the region gained
  importance because of economic, strategic and
  political factors, for the Soviet Union its
  geographical proximity has made it an area of
  direct concern.

5
American Interests and Policies

• Oil The Western world's main interest in the
  Middle East is oil.
• It is said that 20 per cent of US oil Imports, 56
  per cent of Western Europe's and 65 per cent of
  Japan's comes from the Gulf.
• On peak days an oil tanker passes through the
  Strait of Hormuz every 19 minutes.
• It has been estimated that if the Gulf's supply
  is stopped to the US, Europe and Japan, its
  effect will be (a) the US GNP will decrease by
  18 per cent (b) the GNP of Western Europe and
  Japan will go down by 1.5 trillion l.e. by more
  than 30 percent.

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• In pursuing its policies in the Middle East,
  the US is also motivated by the interests of its
  oil monopolies.
• Despite the fact that most of the oil producing
  countries have either nationalized or bought up
  the main foreign oil concessions, in 1979 the net
  profit of an international oil cartel known as
  Seven Sisters increased by 94 per cent over the
  preceding year and Time, New York, 25 October
  1982.

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• The volume of traffic will probably be
  significantly reduced after the five proposed
  trans-Arabian pipelines are built.
• The six Gulf countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
  Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE and Oman), who produce 62
  per cent of the oll sold on the world market,
  have decided to export nearly half of their all
  by a new route, l.e., from the west coast of the
  Arabian Peninsula. See, Beijing Review, 10 May
  1982.
• C.f. Shehni Humayun, "Arabian Sea, the Gulf and
  Power Policies", Pakistan and Gulf Economist.
• Karachi, 25 September-1 October 1982, p. 27.
  Based on the estimates of Professor Henry Rowen,
  Stanford U

8
Palestine Israel conflict

• The IsraeliPalestinian conflict is one of the
  world's most enduring conflicts, beginning in the
  mid-20th century.
• Various attempts have been made to resolve the
  conflict as part of the IsraeliPalestinian peace
  process, alongside other efforts to resolve the
  broader ArabIsraeli conflict.
• Public declarations of claims to a Jewish
  homeland in Palestine, including the First
  Zionist Congress of 1897 and the Balfour
  Declaration of 1917, created early tensions in
  the region.
• Following World War I, the Mandate for Palestine
  included a binding obligation for the
  "establishment in Palestine of a national home
  for the Jewish people".
• Tensions grew into open sectarian conflict
  between Jews and Arabs.
• The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for
  Palestine was never implemented and provoked the
  19471949 Palestine War.
• The current Israeli-Palestinian status quo began
  following Israeli military occupation of the
  Palestinian territories in the 1967 Six-Day War.

9
Oil diplomacy

• Oil Diplomacy or Petroleum Politics has been an
  important aspect in the geopolitics of the Middle
  East since the early 20th century.
• But with the advent of alternative sources of
  fuel and concerns regarding climate change, the
  balance of powers regarding Oil Diplomacy is
  likely to change in the 21st century.

10
Overview of Oil Diplomacy

• Oil became an important commodity during the
  later stages of the Industrial Revolution in the
  early 20th century.
• When modern warfare evolved to accommodate the
  growing demand for petroleum, it became an
  important aspect in diplomacy.
• Thus oil plays a key role in geopolitics as
  nations around the world seek to secure oil
  supplies through trade, diplomacy, armed conquest
  or any other method it sees fit to employ.
• Usually, the country that has the largest number
  of oil reserves can virtually dictate any terms
  it sees fit. Such petrol-rich nations can also
  initiate international conflicts, which is termed
  as petro-aggression.

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Gulf War

• The air campaign of the Gulf War, also known as
  the 1991 bombing of Iraq, was an extensive aerial
  bombing campaign from 17 January 1991 to 23
  February 1991 in response to the Iraqi invasion
  of Kuwait.
• Spearheaded by the United States, the Coalition
  of the Gulf War flew over 100,000 sorties,
  dropping 88,500 tons of bombs,widely destroying
  military and civilian infrastructure.5
• The air campaign was commanded by United States
  Air Force (USAF) lieutenant general Chuck Horner,
  who briefly served as Commander-in-ChiefForward
  of U.S. Central Command while general Norman
  Schwarzkopf was still in the United States.
• The British air commanders were Air Vice-Marshal
  Andrew Wilson (to 17 November 1990) and Air
  Vice-Marshal Bill Wratten (from 17 November).
• The air campaign had largely finished by 23
  February 1991 when the coalition invasion of
  Kuwait took place.

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• The initial strikes were carried out by Tomahawk
  cruise missiles launched from U.S. Navy warships
  situated in the Persian Gulf, by F-117A Nighthawk
  stealth bombers with an armament of laser-guided
  smart bombs,and by F-4G Wild Weasel aircraft as
  well as F/A-18 Hornet aircraft armed with HARM
  anti-radar missiles.
• These first attacks allowed F-14 Tomcat, F-15
  Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and F/A-18 Hornet
  combat aircraft to gain air superiority over Iraq
  and then continue to drop television-guided and
  laser-guided bombs.

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• Armed with a GAU-8 rotary cannon and
  infrared-imaging or optically guided Maverick
  missiles, USAF A-10 Thunderbolts bombed and
  destroyed Iraqi armored forces, supporting the
  advance of U.S. ground troops.
• United States Marine Corps close air support
  AV-8B Harriers employed their 25mm rotary cannon,
  Mavericks, cluster munitions, and napalm against
  the Iraqi dug-in forces to pave the way forward
  for the U.S. Marines breaching Iraqi president
  Saddam Hussein's defenses.
• The U.S. Army AH-64 Apache and AH-1 Cobra attack
  helicopters fired laser-guided Hellfire missiles
  and TOW missiles which were guided to tanks by
  ground observers or by scout helicopters, such as
  the OH-58D Kiowa.
• The Coalition air fleet also made use of the
  E-3A Airborne Warning and Control Systems and of
  a fleet of B-52 Stratofortress bombers.

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Problems in far east

• Emergence of people Republic of China
• The history of the People's Republic of China
  details the history of mainland China since 1
  October 1949, when CCP chairman Mao Zedong
  proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC)
  from atop Tiananmen, after a near complete
  victory (1949) by the Chinese Communist Party
  (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War.
• The PRC is the most recent political entity to
  govern mainland China, preceded by the Republic
  of China (ROC 19121949) and thousands of years
  of monarchical dynasties. The paramount leaders
  have been Mao Zedong (1949-1976) Hua Guofeng
  (1976-1978) Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989) Jiang
  Zemin (1989-2002) Hu Jintao (2002-2012) and Xi
  Jinping (2012 to present).

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• The origins of the People's Republic can be
  traced to the Chinese Soviet Republic that was
  proclaimed in 1931 in Ruijin (Jui-chin), Jiangxi
  (Kiangsi), with the backing of the All-Union
  Communist Party in the Soviet Union in the midst
  of the Chinese Civil War against the Nationalist
  government only to dissolve in 1937.4

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• Under Mao's rule, China went through a socialist
  transformation from a traditional peasant
  society, leaning towards heavy industries under
  planned economy, while campaigns such as the
  Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution
  wreaked havoc on the entire country.
• Since late 1978, the economic reforms led by
  Deng Xiaoping had made China the world's
  second-largest and one of the fastest growing
  economies, with a specialty in high productivity
  factories and leadership in some areas of high
  technology
• . Globally, after receiving support from the USSR
  in the 1950s, China became bitter enemy of USSR
  on a worldwide basis until Mikhail Gorbachev's
  visit to China in May 1989.
• In the 21st century, the new wealth and
  technology led to a contest for primacy in Asian
  affairs versus India, Japan and the United
  States, and since 2017 a growing trade war with
  the United States.5

17
Korean crisis

• The Korean conflict is an ongoing conflict based
  on the division of Korea between North Korea
  (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and South
  Korea (Republic of Korea), both of which claim to
  be the sole legitimate government of all of
  Korea.
• During the Cold War, North Korea was backed by
  the Soviet Union, China, and other allies, while
  South Korea was backed by the United States,
  United Kingdom, and other Western allies.

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• The division of Korea by the United States and
  the Soviet Union occurred in 1945.
• Both superpowers created a government in their
  own image.
• Tensions erupted into the Korean War, which
  lasted from 1950 to 1953.
• When the war ended, both countries were
  devastated, but the division remained.
• North and South Korea continued a military
  standoff, with periodic clashes.
• The conflict survived the end of the Cold War
  and continues to this day.

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• The U.S. maintains a military presence in the
  South to assist South Korea in accordance with
  the ROKU.S. Mutual Defense Treaty.
• In 1997, U.S. President Bill Clinton described
  the division of Korea as the "Cold War's last
  divide".
• In 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush described
  North Korea as a member of an "axis of evil".
• Facing increasing isolation, North Korea
  developed missile and nuclear capabilities.

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• Following heightened tension throughout 2017,
  2018 saw North Korea, South Korea, and the U.S.
  holding a series of summits, which promised peace
  and nuclear disarmament.
• This led to the Panmunjom Declaration on 27
  April 2018, when the North and the South agreed
  to work together to denuclearize the peninsula,
  improve inter-Korean relations, end the conflict
  officially, and move towards the peaceful
  reunification. I
• n subsequent years, diplomatic efforts faltered
  and military confrontation returned to the fore.