Introduction to microbiology

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INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

• BY-
• Ms. GYAN JYOTI
• TUTOR,
• ACON

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INTRODUCTION

• The first simple forms of life appeared on earth
  more then 3 billion years ago.
• Their descendants have changed and developed into
  the several million type of animals , plants and
  microorganisms are recognized.
• Microscopic forms of life are present in vast
  numbers in nearly every environment like soil,
  water, food, air , etc.

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INTRODUCTION

• Microbiology is the science of living organisms
  that are only visible under the microscope.
• Microbiology is the science that dealing with the
  study of microorganisms.
• Microorganisms An organism that can be seen only
  with the aid of a microscope and that typically
  consist of only a single cell. 
• Microorganisms include bacteria, fungi,
  protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses, various
  parasitic worms
•  

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INTRODUCTION

• Medical microbiology deals with the causative
  agents of infectious diseases of man, his
  reaction to such infections, the ways in which
  they produce disease and the methods for their
  diagnosis.

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SUBDIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY
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IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE TO NURSING

• Microbiology is a subject which deals with
  microbes and their related concepts.
• Nurses are involved in controlling infection in
  hospital, so nurses must know about microbiology.

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Cont..

• To know about harmful and harmless microorganisms
  to human being.
• Nurses apply the microbiology knowledge in
  health care for diagnosis and sterilization
  method and cleanliness.
• Nurses use hot water and anti-septics as measure
  to sterilise the surgical instruments, needles
  etc.

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Cont..

• Microbiology also gives knowledge to nurses on
  how to handle a patient and his samples infected
  with communicable disease, to free from microbes.
• It also helps to detect disease like tuberculosis
  by simple skin test .
• Also diagnostic tests like ELISA, electrophoresis
  and radioimmunoassay also use to principles of
  microbiology for identification of disease.

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

• Scientific development of microbiology was
  ushered by Louis Pasteur, perfection on
  microbiological studies by Robert Koch, the
  introduction of antiseptic surgery by Lord Lister
  and the contributions of Paul Ehrlich in
  chemotherapy.

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Was the first
  microbiologist and the first person to observe
  bacteria using a single lens microscope in his
  own design.

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• He was a trained chemist of France. His studies
  on fermentation led him to take interest in
  microbiology.
• He established that fermentation was caused by
  microbial agents.
• He further noted that different types of
  fermentations were caused by microbial agent. He
  is also known as Father of Microbiology.

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Important Contributions of Louis Pasteur in
Microbiology 

• Development of methods and techniques of
  bacteriology.
• Introduction of sterilisation techniques and
  development of steam steriliser, autoclave and
  hot air oven.

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Cont..

• Studies on anthrax, chicken cholera and
  hydrophobia. During studies on rabies, though
  Pasteur could not isolate any microorganism from
  man and dog but suggested that the causative
  agent of rabies was too small to be seen by
  microscope.
• Live vaccine- He introduced attenuated live
  vaccine for prophylactic use.

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Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

• He applied Pasteur's work and introduced
  antiseptic techniques in surgery (1867) effecting
  a pronounced drop in mortality and morbidity due
  to surgical sepsis.
• He is known as Father of antiseptic surgery.

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Robert Koch (1843-1910)

• He is also known as the father of bacteriology.

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His contributions are as follows 

• Perfected bacteriological techniques and
  introduced methods for isolation of pure strains
  of bacteria.
• Introduced staining techniques.
• Discovered the anthrax bacillus (1876), tubercle
  Bacillus (1882) and the cholera vibrios ,(1883).
• He has given Kochs postulates and Kochs
  phenomenon.

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KOCHS POSTULATES

• According to Kochs postulates, a microorganism
  can be accepted as the causative agent of an
  infectious disease only if the following
  conditions are fulfilled-
• The organism should be constantly associated with
  the lesions of the disease.
• It should be possible to Isolate the organism in
  pure culture from the lesions of the disease.

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Cont..

• The isolated organism (in pure culture) when
  inoculated in suitable laboratory animals should
  produce a similar disease.
• It should be possible to re-isolate the organism
  in pure culture from he lesions produced in the
  experimental animals.

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Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

• Paul Ehrlich was a German scientist and is also
  known as father of chemotherapy.
• His contributions are as follows 
• Reported the acid-fast nature of tubercle
  bacillus.
• Introduced methods of standardizing toxin and
  antitoxin.

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Important Discoveries by other Scientists

• Lepra bacillus Hansen (1874)
• Gonococcus Neisser (1881)
• Diphtheria bacillus Klebs (1883), Loeffler
  (1884)
• Pneumococcus Frankel ( 1886)
• Meningococcus Weichselbum (1887)
• Diphtheria toxin Roux and Yersin (1888)
• Tetanus bacillus Kitasato (1889)

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TERMINOLOGIES IN MICROBIOLOGY

• Bacteria are typically unicellular, microscopic,
  prokaryotic organisms that reproduce by binary
  fission.
• Fungi (yeasts and molds) are typically
  unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic fungi that
  reproduce asexually by budding. Molds are
  typically filamentous, eukaryotic fungi that
  reproduce by producing asexual reproductive
  spores.

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Cont..

• Viruses are typically submicroscopic,
  acellular infectious particles that can only
  replicate inside a living host cell. The vast
  majority of viruses possess either DNA or RNA,
  but not both.
• Pathogen - A pathogen or infectious agent is a
  biological agent that causes disease or illness
  to its host.

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Cont..

• Protozoa are typically unicellular, microscopic,
  eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall.
• Algae are typically eukaryotic microorganisms
  that carry out photosynthesis.

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• Pasteur discovered many of the basic principles
  of microbiology and, along with Robert Koch, laid
  the foundation for the science of microbiology.
• Biochemistry is both life science and a chemical
  science - it explores the chemistry of living
  organisms and the molecular basis for the changes
  occurring in living cells. It uses the methods of
  chemistry, "Biochemistry has become the
  foundation for understanding all biological
  processes.

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• Molecular Biology is the field of biology that
  studies the composition, structure and
  interactions of cellular molecules such as
  nucleic acids and proteins that carry out the
  biological processes essential for the cell's
  functions and maintenance.
• Genetics is the scientific study of genes and
  heredityof how certain qualities or traits are
  passed from parents to offspring as a result of
  changes in DNA sequence. A gene is a segment of
  DNA that contains instructions for building one
  or more molecules that help the body work.

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General principles of Microbiology

• 1. Environmental Sanitation The environment in
  which man lives and works must be saved and
  remain healthy. It includes
• Sanitation of food articles
• water supply
• Pure air
• Disposal of Excreta
• Protection of Environment from the breeding of
  flies, mosquito and intestinal parasites.

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General principles of Microbiology

• 2. Proper Ventilation - Microorganisms need
  moisture and favorable temperature to survive and
  multiply. So the houses should be designed to
  allow the external internal ventilation.
• External ventilation - admits proper sunlight
  and air which limit the growth of Microorganism.
• Internal ventilation helps in balance of
  atmosphere inside the house.

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General principles of Microbiology

• 3. Cleaning House hold article should be placed
  to allow proper sunlight and air circulation, it
  will reduce moisture Kill Microganisms. These
  include.
• Bed
• Avoid dry dusting and sweeping
• Damp dusting, mopping of floor is carried out to
  to prevent born infection.
• Bed making should be carried out with minimum
  shaking

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General principles of Microbiology

• 4. Cleaning of food kitchen utensils Food
  should be properly covered and preserved
• All utensils should be cleansed properly before
  and after use in order to prevent diseases of GI
  track.
• 5. Handwashing and disinfection techniques

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General principles of Microbiology

• 6. Personal hygiene-Habit of taking bath daily
  help in preventing skin infection
• Short nails prevents possibility of collecting
  dust and Microorganisms
• Cloths worn on duty, anyone working in industry,
  hospital or in office should not be used in homes
  until washed.

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General principles of Microbiology

• 7. Nursing care at home To prevent
• cross infection.
• Nosocomial infection
• Utensils of patients care should be kept
  separately
• 8. Health and Immunity These can be maintained
  by
• Practicing good health habits.
• Safe environment.
• Adequate immunization
• Proper Rest exercise.

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