scffolding traininf

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Scaffolding
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Topics of Discussion

• Awareness
• Types of Scaffolding
• Scaffolding Basics
• Erecting Scaffolds
• Inspection of Scaffolds
• Dos and Donts

Photo of Engelmann Gym scaffold (under
construction, fall 2005)
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Anatomy of a Fall

• Source Anatomy of a Fall diagram from
  Associated General Contractors of Wisconsin, 6th
  Annual State Risk Mgmt. Conference, Madison, 1998
  

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Scaffolding Accident/Injury Statistics

• An estimated 2.3 million construction workers, or
  65 of the construction industry, work on
  scaffolds frequently.
• Protecting these workers from scaffold-related
  accidents would prevent 4,500 injuries and 50
  deaths per year.

2004 DOL Statistics
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Fatalities in Construction (OSHA)

• Fall Protection (3 methods)
• Fall Prevention (e.g., guardrail system)
• Work Positioning, secures you to a location, thus
  preventing a fall
• Fall Arrest Systems, consisting of a full body
  harness, lanyard, and anchorage

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Scaffolding

• Scaffolding may not be
• erected
• moved
• dismantled
• altered
• except by a competent person

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Scaffolding

• A registered professional engineer must design
  and certify scaffolds

• with wood poles and over 60 feet in height
• frame scaffolds over 125 feet in height
• outrigger scaffolds plus scaffold erections
• when intended loads exceed tube and coupler
  scaffold standard ratings

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Types of Scaffolds
Types of Scaffolds
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Supported Scaffolds

• Ladder Jack
• Pump Jack
• Frame or Fabricated
• Tube and Coupler
• Mobile
• Specialty
• Pole

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Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds
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Suspended Scaffolds

• Two-Point
• Single-Point Adjustable
• Catenary
• Multi-point Adjustable
• Interior Hung
• Needle Beam
• Multi-Level
• Float (ship)

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Boatswains Chair

• Seat slings must
• Pass through four corner holes in the seat, 
• Cross on the underside of the seat,
• Be rigged to prevent slippage which could cause
  the chair to be out-of-level, and
• Be at least 5/8 diameter fiber, synthetic, or
  other first-grade manila rope of equivalent
  criteria (strength, slip resistance, durability,
  etc.).

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Specialty Scaffolds
Specialty Scaffolds are designed for a narrow and
very specific range of applications. Specialty
Scaffolds Include

• Plasterers
• Decorators', and other large-area scaffolds
• Bricklayers' square scaffolds
• Horse scaffolds
• Outrigger scaffolds
• Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds
• Form and carpenter's bracket scaffolds
• Window jack scaffolds
• Crawling boards and chicken ladders
• Roof bracket scaffolds.

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Outrigger Scaffolds

• Outrigger beams must be Secured in place to
  prevent movement, andSecurely braced at the
  fulcrum point to prevent tipping.

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Tube and Couple Scaffolds

• Klotsche natatorium HVAC renovation (Summer 2004)

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Tube and Coupler Scaffolds

• Medium Duty
• Not to exceed 50 pounds per square foot
• 8 foot longitudinal post spacing
• 6 foot traverse post space
• 1 work level
• 6 additional planked levels
• 125 feet maximum height
• 2 work levels
• 0 additional planked levels
• 78 feet maximum height

• Light Duty
• Not to exceed 25 pounds per square foot
• 10 foot longitudinal post spacing
• 6 foot traverse post space
• 1 work level
• 8 additional planked levels
• 125 feet maximum height
• 2 work levels
• 4 additional planked levels
• 125 feet maximum height
• 3 work levels
• 0 additional planked levels
• 91 feet maximum height

• Heavy Duty
• Not to exceed 75 pounds per square foot
• 6 6 foot longitudinal post spacing
• 6 foot traverse post spacing
• 1 work level
• 6 additional planked levels
• 125 feet maximum height

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Basics

• Training Employers must train each employee who
  works on a scaffold on the procedures to control
  or minimize the hazards.
• Inspections Before each work shift and after
  any occurrence that could affect the structural
  integrity, a competent person must inspect the
  scaffold and scaffold components for visible
  defects.

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Basics

• Fall protection (e.g. guardrails) required at a
  10 foot height above a lower level.
  1926.451(g)(1)
• When erecting and dismantling supported
  scaffolds, a competent person must determine the
  feasibility of providing a safe means of access
  and fall protection for these operations

NOTE guardrails recommended at work platform
heights greater than 4 feet
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Personal Safety Tips
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Personal Safety Tips
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Inspect Prior to Use

• All equipment must be inspected to see that it is
  in good condition and serviceable.
• Damaged or deteriorated equipment must not be used

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Erecting Scaffolding

• Erect plumb, square and rigid with all brace
  connections securely fastened

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Tubular Welded-frame Scaffolds

• Be sure scaffold stays plumb and level as
  erection progresses
• For mobile scaffolds, use a horizontal diagonal
  brace, for stability, at the base and every 21
  feet in height.

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Tubular Welded-Frame Scaffolds

• Cross members must be locked together with cotter
  pins or equivalent
• Safway scaffolds have G locks which open with
  slight pressure and lock automatically after
  guardrail slips into place

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Overlap

• Each plank on a continuous run scaffold must
  extend over its supports by at least 6 and
  overlap each other by at least 12

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Guardrails and Toeboards

• Guardrails and toeboards must be put on all open
  sides and ends of scaffolds 10 or higher
• Screening required when materials are stacked
  higher than toeboard

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Side and End Brackets

• Side and end brackets are designed to support
  people ONLY.
• Brackets are not to be used on rolling towers
• Brackets introduce overturning and/or uplift
  forces.

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Side and End Brackets

• Do not store materials on side or end bracket
  platforms
• Only store materials on scaffolds which are for
  immediate use
• Do not overload platforms with materials.

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Climbing

• Do not climb on cross members or railings
• Access ladders must be used attachable ladders
  must extend 3 feet above platform

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Climb Safely

• Face the rungs
• Use both hands
• Do not carry materials while you climb
• Keep one hand firmly on frame or ladder at all
  times
• Rungs and shoes should be clean to avoid slipping

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Mobile Scaffolds

• Height not to exceed 4 times the minimum base
  dimension
• (Example, if base is 6 x 10, the maximum height
  is 24)
• Planks must extend the full length of the
  scaffold
• Do not ride on a mobile rolling tower scaffold
  while it is being moved.
• Guardrails and toeboards required on all sides
  when over 10 feet

In California and some other states, height
must not exceed 3 times.
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Mobile Scaffolds

• All tools or other objects which could fall from
  the scaffold must be removed or secured before
  moving the scaffold
• At each new location, the scaffold shall be put
  on firm ground and kept plumb
• Manual force used to move the scaffold must be
  applied as close to the base as possible, but not
  more than 5 feet above the supporting surface.

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Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds

• The load rating of the casters will limit the
  size, configuration, and load capacity of the
  rolling tower. Casters must be rated 4 times the
  maximum rated load of the scaffold
• Caster and wheel stem shall be pinned, bolted or
  otherwise secured in scaffold legs or adjustment
  screws.

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Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds

• Lock all casters before getting on a rolling
  tower.
• Casters shall remain locked while in use

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Upright Narrow Scaffold

• Per instructions of the UpRight Narrow Scaffold,
  the platform height must not exceed 3 times the
  smaller base dimension unless scaffold is tied to
  the structure

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Upright Narrow Scaffold read the labels
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Upright Narrow Scaffold
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Inspect Job Site

• Inspect job site to determine ground conditions,
  strength of supporting structure, proximity to
  electric lines overhead obstructions
• Compensate for uneven ground by using screw jacks
  base plates

• Do not use unstable objects such as blocks, loose
  bricks and similar objects

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Ties, Guys, Bracing

• Scaffolds must be secured to the structure when
  the height exceeds 4 times the minimum base width
• every 30 horizontal feet
• every 20 feet or less (for scaffolds less than 3
  feet wide) or 26 vertical feet or less (for gt3
  feet wide)
• Outriggers, if used, must be installed on both
  sides

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Clearances

• Any work where the tube could come into contact
  with the line would need to be 6 meters plus the
  Danger Zone distance relative to the voltage
  and nature of insulation in order that the
  scaffold tube cannot enter the Danger Zone

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Clearances
Minimum Clearances From Electrical Lines Minimum Clearances From Electrical Lines
Insulated Lines Insulated Lines
Less than 300 volts 3 feet
300 volts to 50 kv 10 feet
More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4 for each additional kv
Uninsulated Lines Uninsulated Lines
Up to 50 kv 10 feet
More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4 for each additional kv
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Peronsal Protective Equipment

• What types of PPE should you use when working on
  or near a scaffold?
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

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Whats Wrong in This Picture?
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Whats Wrong in This Picture?
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Whats Wrong in This Picture?

• The concrete blocks are stacked six high, there
  are no base plates on some legs, scaffold legs
  are bearing on unstable objects, and there is
  improper/inadequate bracing.

Photo Text -- OSHA
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Whats Wrong in This Picture?

• This is a shore, or lean-to scaffold, and it is
  not permitted to be used per OSHA or ANSI.
• In this photo, workers have a shore scaffold on
  top of another shore scaffold.
• Access is unsafe both from above and below.
• The only thing holding this scaffold up is the
  DUMPSTER!

Photo Text -- OSHA
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Whats Wrong in This Picture?
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Whats Wrong in This Picture?
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Whats Wrong in This Picture?

• The planks are not cleated or otherwise secured
  against displacement,
• There are no guardrails, and
• There is greater than a 14-inch gap between the
  building and the scaffold platform.

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• Where ladders end, plasterers clamber onto
  bundles of sticks that stud the Great Mosque.
  These serve as scaffolding --a grid of permanent
  perches.
• Photograph by Sarah Leen, National Geographic,
  June 2001