raynauds

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Raynauds

• Syndrome

• By Sabrina Garcia
• Vascular 201

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INTRODUCTION

• Raynaud's syndrome is a medical condition brought
  on by episodes of reduced or restricted blood
  flow to primarily the fingers and toes, but can
  also affect other body parts. It occurs due to
  the abnormal narrowing or constricting of blood
  vessels in response to colder temperatures or
  emotional stress. This then leads to color
  changes in the affected areas, where the area
  will present with white coloring (pallor), then
  turn blue or purple (cyanosis), followed by
  redness of the affected area once blood flow is
  restored. The condition can cause pain, numbness,
  and a cold sensation. This disease can also
  present as primary (occurring on its own) or
  secondary (associated with other underlying
  health conditions) forms.

• INTRODUCTION

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PRIMARY -this is the most common form that does
not result from any other condition-typical ages
affected are from 15 to 30 years-young females
are more commonly affected-it can go away on its
own.

• Secondary
• -arises due to another health condition
• -is less common than primary but it tends to be
  more serious
• -usually appears around age 40
• -can be referred to as Raynauds phenomenon

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Mechanisms of Disease

• A handful of mechanisms add to Raynaud Syndrome.
  These are the following
• - Decreased blood flow
• Blood vessels constriction
• Cold exposure and stress triggers
• Endothelial dysfunction
• Underlying medical conditions

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R I S K F A C T O R S

• Primary This form of the disease has no
  identifiable underlying cause but age, gender,
  and colder climate locations could have a
  possible impact
• Secondary
• - Connective tissue or autoimmune disease (Lupus,
  Scleroderma, Rheumatoid arthritis)
• - Chemical exposure
• - Cigarette smoking
• - Injury or trauma
• - Side effects from certain medicines or
  treatments (ie beta-blockers or chemotherapy )

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Signs and symptoms

• Color changes
• - When blood flow stops and then returns, your
  skin color may change from white to blue to red.
• Feeling cold or numb
• - When the fingers or other affected body part
  isnt receiving oxygen-rich blood. It feels like
  that part of your body has fallen asleep.
• Hands become swollen and painful when warmed
• Sores on the finger pads develop, in severe cases

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Ultrasound Imaging

• A) immediately after cold provocation
• B) 5 minutes after cold provocation diameter
  decrease, showing vessels constriction

• A) Normal image left second ulnar proper palmar
  digital artery
• B) Narrowing of artery
• C) Chronic occlusion
• D) Acute occlusion

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Ultrasounds Findings

• Ultrasound is not typically the main test used
  for Raynaud's syndrome, but findings include
• stenosis, vasoconstriction, or occlusion of the
  artery
• color doppler to show a lack or
  restricted/reduced blood flow
• doppler waveforms may show decreased or absent
  blood flow in the affected areas. This can be
  visualized as a dampened or absent waveform
  pattern. The waveform may appear flattened or
  show reduced amplitude.
• Once the vasospasm subsides and blood flow
  returns, the doppler waveforms should exhibit a
  normal pattern with restored pulsatile flow with
  a biphasic waveform.

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Diagnostic Criteria
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) PAD involves
atherosclerosis or narrowing of the arteries that
supply blood to the extremities. It can cause
symptoms similar to Raynaud's, including pain,
numbness, and color changes in the affected
limbs   Buerger's disease A rare condition
defined by inflammation and clotting of the blood
vessels, typically affecting the hands and feet.
It can appear tp have symptoms similar to
Raynaud's, including pain, color changes, and
ulcerations   Carpal tunnel syndrome or cubital
tunnel syndrome can cause symptoms similar to
Raynaud's due to compression or irritation of the
nerves
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TREATMENTS

• Lifestyle modifications Dress warmly, avoid
  triggers like cold and stress, engage in regular
  exercise, and practice stress management
  techniques.
• Hand and foot care Keeping extremities warm,
  during episodes, and avoid tight clothing.
• Medications Calcium channel blockers can beused
  to improve blood flow.
• Avoid smoking Quit smoking or avoid exposure to
  secondhand smoke.
• Regular check-ups Schedule regular follow-up
  visits with a healthcare professional to monitor
  and adjust the treatment plan.

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SUMMARY

• Raynaud's syndrome is a diagnosis based on
  symptoms and medical history, that can be
  classified as a primary or secondary form.
  Symptoms can include color changes at the
  affected area, coldness, and numbness in the
  extremities triggered by cold and/or stress.
  Treatments involve lifestyle modifications, hand
  and foot care, medication, and quitting smoking.
  No specific diagnostic test exists, but blood
  tests, nail fold capillaroscopy, and imaging
  studies such as angiography and ultrasound, can
  be done to assess further underlying conditions
  or causes.

• SUMMARY

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THANK You

• References

• https//www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-
  and-diseases/raynauds-phenomenon
• https//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ray
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• https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/t
  extThree20mechanisms20contribute20to20Raynaud
  ,perception20based20on20environmental20stimuli
  .
• https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61399
  49/textThe20prevalence20in20individuals20
  over20age206020is200.1E28093125.textPrim
  ary20Raynaud's20is20generally20considered,fema
  les20and20can20be20familial
• https//my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/984
  9-raynauds-phenomenontextPrimary20Raynaud's
  20syndrome20has20no,to20your20fingers20and20
  toes.
• https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC40182
  02/textBy20history2C20a20definitive20dia
  gnosis,2C20blue2C20or20both).
• https//www.jrheum.org/content/jrheum/35/8/1591.fu
  ll.pdf
• https//my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/984
  9-raynauds-phenomenonmanagement-and-treatment