Types of Stem Cells

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What are stem cells?

• Stem cells are unspecialized cells of the human
  body.
• They can transform and/or multiply into
  specialized cells.
• Through a laboratory procedure known as
  differentiation stem cells procured from one part
  of the body can become/grow into other kinds of
  cells.
• They work to repair the body by generating
  healthy cells that can replace the cells damaged
  by disease.

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The Four Types of Stem Cells

• Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
• Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)
• Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

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Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)

• Derived from unused embryos that are from an IVF
  procedure
• Derived from the inner cell mass of an embryo in
  its early stages of development
• Typically grown in laboratory conditions
• Have self-renewing potential
• Can differentiate into clinically relevant cell
  types like dopamine neurons, cardiomyocytes, beta
  cells, etc
• Do not have any specific characteristics like
  shape, or gene expression pattern

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Ban on ECS in 2001
Former US President George W. Bush put a ban on
the funding of research on stem cells derived
from human embryos because it involved the
destruction of human life.
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Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)

• Undifferentiated cells Procured from fully
  developed tissues like the brain, bone marrow,
  etc
• Multipotent cells (limited ability to
  differentiate into other types of cells)
• Essential for maintaining the integrity of the
  tissue in which they are found
• May be used for tissue repair and regenerative
  medicine, like stem cell therapy

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

• First developed by Japanese physician and
  researcher Shinya Yamanaka in 2006
• Derived from blood cells
• Genetically reprogrammed to exhibit the
  characteristics of embryonic stem cells
• Generated by introducing specific types of genes
  into adult cells
• Can self-renew and also differentiate into any
  cell type in the body
• Reduced risk of immune rejection (iPSCs are
  sourced from the patients own cells

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Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

• First found in the bone marrow
• Capable of making bone, cartilage, and even fat
  cells
• Similar to adult stem cells
• Possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory,
  self-renewal, cell-division, signaling, and
  differentiation properties
• Can divide and develop into many specialized cell
  types in specific organs and/or tissues
• Can become unique stem cell types and create more
  stem cells when cultured in a lab
• Can replace cells that are diseased or damaged

Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can help
slow down the rate of degeneration caused by MND,
Parkinsons and other illnesses.
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Source of MSCs

• Umbilical cord
• Bone marrow
• Adipose tissue
• Peripheral blood
• Placental tissue
• Synovial fluid (present in joints)
• Dental pulp
• MSCs may also be derived from endometrial polyps
  and menses blood.

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Differentiation properties of MSCs

• MSCs can differentiate into a variety of cell
  types like -
• Osteoblasts (bone cells)
• Adipocytes (fat cells)
• Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

• Research suggests MSCs can also differentiate
  into -
• Epithelial cells (found inner and outer surfaces
  of your body)
• Endothelial cells (found in blood vessels)
• Neurocytes (nerve cells)
• Myocytes (muscle cells)
• Cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells)
• Hepatocyte (liver cells)
• Pancreatic cells

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The classification of stem cells

• Totipotent
• The first few cells that appear when a zygote
  starts to divide
• Can differentiate into all possible cell types
• Also called omnipotent stem cells
• Self-renewable
• Pluripotent
• The cells from an early embryo
• Can differentiate into almost any cell type
• Self-renewable
• Multipotent
• Can differentiate into a closely related family
  of cells
• Self-renewable

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The classification of stem cells

• Oligopotent
• Adult lymphoid and myeloid stem cells
• Can differentiate into a few different types of
  cells
• Self-renewable
• Unipotent
• Can only produce their own type of cells
• Self-renewable

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Types of stem cell therapy
Autologous therapy ? Cells are procured from
patients own bone marrow, blood, or fat
tissue Allogeneic therapy ? Cells are procured
from external donors
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Administering stem cells

• Stem cells can be administered in the following
  ways
• Intravenous
• Intrathecal (directly into the spinal canal)
• Inject into problem areas like hips, hands,
  knees, etc.

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Stem cell therapy at Indias first ISO-Certified
Stem Cell Research Center

• Plexus Neuro and Stem Cell Research Centre uses
  autologous mesenchymal stem cells.
• The procedure is conducted by Dr. Sadiq, Indias
  no. 1 stem cell specialist, and his team of
  highly-skilled and experienced stem cell
  specialists.
• Book an appointment with us today.
• Call 91 89048 42087 080-2546 0886
• 080-2547 0886 080-2549 0886