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U18PH103/203- Engineering Physics
Classroom Discussion Topic (CDT)
W8-L4-CDT27
Topic Construction and working of (i) He-Ne
Laser (ii) CO2 Laser
Dr.P.S.Rao Dept. of Physical Science
Kakatiya Institute of Technology
Science Warangal-T.S-506015
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Lecture Learning Outcomes (LLOs)
After completion of this lecture, student will be
able to.
LO1 discuss the construction and working of
Gaseous Lasers i.e., He-Ne Laser and CO2 Laser
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HeNe Laser
Ali Javan ( 1961)
Gaseous Laser
Neon atoms are the active centers
? 6328Å
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HeNe Laser
1. Type It is a Four level solid state
laser.  2.     Active medium The active medium
Helium and Neon gas mixture(101) 3. Ne- Active
centers 3.     Pumping Source Electric
discharge 4.     Optical resonator Two mirrors
are arranged externally   5.     Nature of
output The nature of output is continuous
beam of light.  6.     Wavelength of the output
The wavelength of the output beam is 6328Å
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Advantages of He-Ne Laser

1. It is more directional and monochromatic than
   a solid-state laser.
2. It has high stability of frequency.
3. It can operate continuously without the need for
   cooling as done in ruby laser.
4. Low cost.
5. High stability.

Applications of He-Ne Laser
He-Ne laser operates in CW mode and is widely
used in laboratories as a monochromatic Source.
It is also widely used in laser printing, bar
code reading, etc.
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CO2 Laser
Kumar C Patel(1964)
It is a molecular gas laser
CO2 are the active centers
Energy states of CO2  molecules. A carbon
dioxide molecule has a carbon atom at the centre
with two oxygen atoms attached, one at both
sides. Such a molecule exhibits three
independent modes of vibrations. They
are  a)     Symmetric stretching
mode.  b)    Bending mode  c)     Asymmetric
stretching mode.
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a. Symmetric stretching mode  In this mode of
vibration, carbon atoms are at rest and both
oxygen atoms vibrate simultaneously along the
axis of the molecule departing or approaching the
fixed carbon atoms. b. Bending mode  In this
mode of vibration, oxygen atoms and carbon atoms
vibrate perpendicular to molecular axis.
c. Asymmetric stretching mode
In this mode of vibration, oxygen atoms and
carbon atoms vibrate asymmetrically, i.e., oxygen
atoms move in one direction while carbon atoms in
the other direction.
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• 1. Type It is a Molecular Gas Laser (4
  Level).
•  2.     Active medium A mixture of CO2 , N2 and
  helium or water vapour is used as active medium
•  3.     Pumping Source Electrical discharge
  method is used for Pumping action
•  4.     Optical resonator Two concave mirrors
  form a resonant cavity  
•  5.     Nature of output The nature of output is
  continuous beam of light.
• 6.     Wavelength of the output The wavelength
  of output is 9.6µm and 10.6µm.
• Power output  The power output from this laser
  is about 10kW.

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It consists of a quartz tube 5 m long and 2.5 cm
in the diameter. This discharge tube is filled
with gaseous mixture of CO2 (active medium),
helium and nitrogen with suitable partial
pressures.
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Fig Energy Level diagram of CO2 LASER
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Advantages  1.     The construction of
CO2 laser is simple  2.     The output of this
laser is continuous.  3.     It has high
efficiency  4.     It has very high output
power.  5.     The output power can be increased
by extending the length of the gas
tube.  Disadvantages  1.     The contamination
of oxygen by carbon monoxide will have some
effect on laser action  2.     The operating
temperature plays an important role in
determining the output power of
laser.  3.     The corrosion may occur at the
reflecting plates.  4.     Accidental exposure
may damage our eyes, since it is invisible (infra
red region) to our eyes.
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Applications 1.     High power CO2 laser finds
applications in material processing, welding,
drilling, cutting soldering etc. 2.     The low
atmospheric attenuation (10.6µm makes CO2 laser
suitable for open air communication. 3.     It
is used for remote sensing  4.     It is used for
treatment of liver and lung diseases.  5.     It
is mostly used in neuro surgery and general
surgery.  6.     It is used to perform
microsurgery and bloodless operations.
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• Due to their high power levels, CO2 lasers are
  commonly used in material processing
  applications, particularly for cutting die
  boards, metals, plastic, etc, welding metals such
  as copper, aluminum or stainless steel, and laser
  marking of different materials.
• They are applied in surgical procedures as water
  is capable of absorbing the wavelength of
  CO2 laser.
• Other applications of CO2 laser include military
  range-finding using LIDAR techniques and
  manufacturing of micro-fluidic devices.

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Reflection Spot
Emission of a photon by an excited atom due to
interaction of external energy is called a)
Stimulated emission b) absorption c)
Spontaneous emission d) light amplification

15sec
a)
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Summary
HeNe Laser
Four Level LASER HeNe101 Active centers Neon
atoms are the active centers Pumping method
Electric discharge Resonant cavity Two external
mirrors are arranged externally Wavelength of the
output 6328Å
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CO2 Laser
1. Type It is a Molecular Gas Laser (4
Level).  2. Active medium A mixture of CO2 ,
N2 and helium or water vapour is used as active
medium  3. Pumping Source Electrical discharge
method is used for Pumping action  4.Optical
resonator Two concave mirrors form a resonant
cavity   5.    Wavelength of the output The
wavelength of output is 9.6µm and 10.6µm.
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Lecture Outcome Revisited
After completion of this lecture, student should
be able to.
LO1
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Lecture Level Practice Problems (LLPs)

• If the coherence length of sodium light is 2.9 x
  10-2 m and its wavelength is 5890Å. Then
  calculate
• The number of oscillations corresponding to
  coherence length
• the coherence time
• Ans (i) n4.924x104
• (ii)

Hint
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Further Reading
R.K. Gaur and S. L. Gupta, Engineering
Physics Chapter 31.1 to 31.3
Weekly Tutorial sheet-7
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Reflection Spot
Emission of a photon by an excited atom due to
interaction of external energy is called a)
Stimulated emission b) absorption c)
Spontaneous emission d) light amplification

15sec
a)
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Summary
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Lecture Outcome Revisited
After completion of this lecture, student should
be able to.
LO1
LO1 discuss the construction and working of
Gaseous Lasers i.e., He-Ne Laser and CO2 Laser
26
Lecture Level Practice Problems (LLPs)

• If the coherence length of sodium light is 2.9 x
  10-2 m and its wavelength is 5890Å. Then
  calculate
• The number of oscillations corresponding to
  coherence length
• the coherence time
• Ans (i) n4.924x104
• (ii)

Hint
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Further Reading
R.K. Gaur and S. L. Gupta, Engineering
Physics Chapter 31.1 to 31.3
Weekly Tutorial sheet-7