How Asymmetric Warfare is Driving Military Transmit and Receive Module Market Expansion Insights & Analysis

1
(/) HMOMiEl(i/)taArByOUTTUrSa(/AnBOsUSmTeUaSric-8
th.HRaTMenpL)odrtLsERADeERcSHeIPiTvEAeMS(Mi/gLnEoA
InDd(EhRtutSpHslI/Pe/wTEwMAwM.m.aAaSrrkPek)tseant
dmarkets.com/signin.asp) RESEARCH EXPERTS
(/RESEARCHLEADERSHIP.ASP) BRIEFINGS
(/ANALYSTBRIEFINGS.HTML) CAREERS (/CAREER.ASP)
CONTACT US (/CONTACTUS.ASP) HOME (/) ? TOP
MARKET REPORTS (/TOP-MARKET-REPORTS.ASP) ?
MILITARY TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE MODULE
MARKET GLOBAL TOP 2000 STRATEGIST RELY ON US FOR
THEIR GROWTH STRATEGIES. KMNiOlWitaMOryRETra(/Knns
owmledigtesatonred.asRpreeqcueesitv_freee_Mtriaol
)dule Market by Type (Gallium Nitride, Gallium
Arsenide), Application, Frequency (Single-Band
and Multi-Band), Communication Medium (Optical,
RF, Hybrid), Platform, and Region - Global
Forecast to 2028 FREE BROCHURE (/pdfdownloadNew.as
p?id245076574) FREE SAMPLE REPORT
(/requestsampleNew.asp?id245076574) Report
Code AS 8897Dec, 2023, by marketsandmarkets.com D
ESCRIPTION TABLE OF CONTENTS METHODOLOGY DOWNL
OAD PDF (/PDFDOWNLOADNEW.ASP?ID245076574) 258
Pages Report The military transmit and receive
module market is estimated to be USD 5.8 billion
in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 7.7
billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 5.8 from 2023 to
2028. The market is driven by factors such as
the development of new transmit and receive
module technologies.
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
2
(/)
LEADERSHIP TEAMS(i/gLnEAInD(EhRttSpHsI/P/wTEwAwM.
m.AaSrkPe)tsandmarkets.com/signin.asp)
HOME (/) ABOUT US (/ABOUTUS-8.HTML)
RESEARCH EXPERTS (/RESEARCHLEADERSHIP.ASP)
BRIEFINGS (/ANALYSTBRIEFINGS.HTML) CAREERS
(/CAREER.ASP) CONTACT US (/CONTACTUS.ASP)
Military Transmit and Receive Module Market
Forecast to 2028 To know about the assumptions
considered for the study, Request for Free Sample
Report (https//www.marketsandmarkets.com/requests
ampleNew.asp?id245076574)
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
3
eive module market Dynamics new transmit and
receive module technologies
Military transmit and rec Drivers Development
of The demand for compact t
ransmit and receive (T/R) modules is growing
rapidly, driven by the development of
(/)
new T/R module technologies that offer improved
size, weight, and power (SWaP) performance. SWaP
performance is a critical consideration for
militarySigTn/RIn (mhttopdsu//wlewsw.dmuaerketots
atnhdemaforklelotsw.cionmg/srigenains.aosnp)s
HOME (/) ABOUT US (/ABOUTUS-8.HTML)
LEADERSHIP TEAM (/LEADERSHIPTEAM.ASP)
RESEARTChHeEXsPizEReToSf(/aRETSE/RARmCHoLdEuAlDeER
aSffHeIPc.AtsSPth) eBsRiIzEeFINaGnSd(/wANeAigLYhSt
ToBRf ItEhFeINGoSv.eHrTaMlLl )system. Military
systems are often
CAREERS (/CAREER.ASP) CONTACT US
(/CONTACTUS.ASP) deployed in constrained
environments, so minimizing the size and weight
of individual components is crucial. Smaller T/R
modules allow for more flexibility in system
design. The weight of a T/R module influences the
payload capacity of aircraft, vehicles, and other
platforms. As military systems operate in remote
locations, it is necessary to lower the weight of
equipment to maximize payload capacity. Lighter
T/R modules also allow for easier transport and
handling. The power consumption of a T/R module
determines the power budget of the overall
system. Lower power T/R modules extend battery
life and reduce the need for cooling and other
power management infrastructure.
Given these advantages, there are ongoing
research and development activities for SWaP T/R
modules in the market. Restraints Stringent
regulations for import and export of
gallium Stringent regulations for the import and
export of rare earth metals such as gallium (used
in military T/R modules) prevent unauthorized or
inappropriate use of technologies in military
communications, radar systems, and electronic
warfare (https//www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-
Reports/electronic-warfare- market-1301.html).
These regulations encompass various key aspects,
including robust export controls and licensing
procedures, requiring companies to obtain
specific licenses for exporting these
components. However, countries often use
regulations and policy tools for geopolitical
purposes as part of their foreign policy
strategies. Regulations can be leveraged to
advance national interests, influence
international dynamics, and achieve specific
geopolitical objectives. For example, in July
2023, China imposed restrictions on the export
of gallium and germanium, two metals used in
chipmaking, communications equipment, and
defense. After this, exporters needed to apply
for licenses from the commerce ministry to
continue shipment of the materials out of the
country and were required to report details of
the overseas buyers and their applications. This
move creates a shortage in supply of this rare
earth metal in the international market
resulting in rising prices of the material. This
increases raw material expenses for the
manufacturers of transmit and receive
modules. Opportunities Emphasis on developing
lightweight radars The rapid development of
lightweight radars is driven by the growing
demand for smaller, more versatile, and
affordable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
(https//www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-
Reports/unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uav-market-662.ht
ml). These radars enable UAVs to perform various
functions, such as collision avoidance, terrain
mapping, and object detection. In recent years,
UAVs have become increasingly popular due to
their low cost and reduced risk. The availability
of cost-efficient UAVs for airborne surveillance
has further prompted radar manufacturers to
develop small and compact airborne radars. In
June 2019, MetaSensing (Netherlands) demonstrated
the SDO-50V2 UAV equipped with the
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
4
gence activities. These systems are primarily
used for stability monitoring in mines, ction
sites. The growing emphasis on developing
lightweight radar for UAVs is e opportunities in
the market
MetaSAR-L-UAV for intelli infrastructure, and
constru anticipated to offer lucrativ
(/) Challenges Vulnerability to radar jamming
techniques HMOoMdE e(/)rn AdBeOfUeTnUsSe(/tAeBcOhU
nToUlSo-g8.iHeTsMLh)avLeEAleDdERtSoHIsPigTEnAifMic
S(ai/gLnnEtAInaD(EdhRvttSpaHsnI/Pc/wTeEwmAwM.em.n
AaStrskPe)itnsanradmdaarrkejatsm.commi/nsiggntine.
acshpn) iques. Radar RjaESmEmARinCHg
EinXPvEoRlvTSes(/RinESteEAnRtiCoHnLaElAlyDEeRmSHit
ItPi.nAgSPr)adBioRIEfrFeINqGuSe(n/AcNyALsYiSgTnBaR
lIsEFtIoNGdSis.HrTuMpLt) the enemys radar
operations by CAREERS (/CAREER.ASP) CONTACT US
(/CONTACTUS.ASP) creating noise in the receiver.
Airborne radars are more vulnerable to these
jamming techniques due to their limited range,
small size, and mobile nature. New electronic
radar jamming techniques utilize interfering
signals that block the receiver with highly
concentrated energy signals, preventing the
signal from reaching the airborne radar and
impeding its effectiveness. In 2019, the US Army
awarded BAE Systems (UK) a contract to develop
and supply advanced radar jamming technology to
enhance air survivability and mission
effectiveness for the Armys rotary-wing aircraft
and unmanned aerial systems. Under this contract,
the company would undertake research and
development to integrate adaptive radio frequency
jamming and sensing capabilities. Such
innovative radar frequency jamming technologies
challenge T/R module providers to improve their
products to resist jamming technologies. Military
Transmit And Receive Module Market
Ecosystem Prominent companies in this market
include well-established, financially stable
manufacturers of T/R modules with a global
presence. They have been operating in the market
for several years and have a diversified product
portfolio, state-of-the-art technologies, and
robust global sales and marketing networks.
Prominent companies include Northrop Grumman
(US), Thales (France), L3Harris Technologies,
Inc. (US), RTX (US), and CAES System LLC (US).
Private and small enterprises have a
comparatively limited product portfolio,
financial strength, and specialization in
specific components and subcomponents. Some
companies could enter strategic partnerships and
joint ventures with prominent companies to gain a
strong foothold in the military transmit and
receive module market. Currently, private and
small enterprises are looking at funding and
investments to develop technologically advanced
T/R modules and enter them into service. Private
and small enterprises include ALPHA DESIGN
TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD (India), Aethercomm Inc
(US), Annapolis Micro Systems,
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info
(hIttnpcs.//w(UwSw.)m, aMrkieststraandl
mSaorkluettsio.cnoms/PPrvivta.cLy-t1d2..h(tImnld).
ia) and Altum RF (Netherlands).
5
ment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR
rate of 6.3 for the military dule market
during the forecast period. y transmit and
receive module market is segmented into gallium
nitride, gallium a(/)rsenide, and others. The
gallium nitride segment is projected to reach USD
3.91 billion by 2028. T/R modules use several
high-performance materials, such as gallium
nitride (https//www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-
HROeMpEo(/r)tsA/rBf-OgUaTllUiuSm(/A-BnOitUriTdUeS
--m8.HaTrMkLe)t-1LE8A3D0E0R0S5HI9P7T.EhAtMmS(li/)g
LnE(GAInDa(EhNRttSp).HsIT/P/whTEweAwsM.em.AamSrkP
ae)ttsearnidamlsarakerets.ceoxmp/esignnsiniv.aespa
) nd require RsEpSeEcAiRaCliHzeEXdPmERaTSnu(/R
faEcStEuArRinCgHLtEeAcDhEnRiSqHuIPe.AsS.P)
BRIEFINGS (/ANALYSTBRIEFINGS.HTML) CAREERS
(/CAREER.ASP) CONTACT US (/CONTACTUS.ASP) The
radar segment is estimated to account for the
largest share of the Military transmit and
receive module market in 2023. The military
transmit and receive module market is divided
into four segments based on applications Radar,
Communication, Electronic Warfare, and Others.
The radar segment is expected to hold the largest
share of the market in 2023, accounting for 48
of the total. Governments worldwide are
increasingly investing in the upgrade of
aircraft fleets by integrating modern radar
systems, driving the demand for military T/R
modules. The Single-band segment is projected to
have largest market share for the Military
transmit and receive module market in 2023. The
military transmit and receive module market is
divided into two segments based on frequency
single- band and multi-band. The single-band
segment is expected to hold the largest share of
the market in 2023, accounting for 74 of the
total. The demand for single-band T/R modules is
influenced by ever-expanding usage of wireless
communication technologies. The airborne segment
is projected to have largest market share for the
Military transmit and receive module market in
2023. The military transmit and receive module
market is divided into four segments based on
platform airborne, naval, land and space. The
airborne segment is expected to hold the largest
share of the market in 2023, accounting for 42
of the total. This is due to the increasing
demand for smaller, more versatile, and
affordable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These
radars enable UAVs to perform various functions,
such as collision avoidance, terrain mapping,
and object detection. The Asia Pacific market is
projected to contribute the highest CAGR from
2023 to 2028 Aisa Pacific is projected to
contribute the highest CAGR from 2023 to 2028 in
the military transmit and receive module market
during the forecast period. Major companies such
as mitsubishi electric corporation, National
Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology,
and Bharat Electronics Limited are based in the
asia pacific region. These players continuously
invest in the RD of new and advanced
technologies for transmit and receive modules.
The gallium nitride seg transmit and receive
mo Based on type, the militar
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
6
(/)
LEADERSHIP TEAMS(i/gLnEAInD(EhRttSpHsI/P/wTEwAwM.
m.AaSrkPe)tsandmarkets.com/signin.asp)
HOME (/) ABOUT US (/ABOUTUS-8.HTML)
RESEARCH EXPERTS (/RESEARCHLEADERSHIP.ASP)
BRIEFINGS (/ANALYSTBRIEFINGS.HTML) CAREERS
(/CAREER.ASP) CONTACT US (/CONTACTUS.ASP)
Military Transmit and Receive Module Market by
Region To know about the assumptions considered
for the study, download the pdf
brochure (https//www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdow
nloadNew.asp?id245076574) Key Market
Players The Military transmit and receive module
companies (https//www.marketsandmarkets.com/Rese
archInsight/military-transmit-receive-module-marke
t.asp) is dominated by a few globally
established players such as Northrop Grumman
(US), Thales (France), L3Harris Technologies,
Inc. (US), RTX (US), and CAES System LLC (US).
Get online access to the report on the World's
First Market Intelligence Cloud Easy to Download
Historical Data Forecast Numbers Company
Analysis Dashboard for high growth potential
opportunities Research Analyst Access for
customization queries Competitor Analysis with
Interactive dashboard Latest News, Updates
Trend analysis REQUEST SAMPLE
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
7
(/)
LEADERSHIP TEAMS(i/gLnEAInD(EhRttSpHsI/P/wTEwAwM.
m.AaSrkPe)tsandmarkets.com/signin.asp)
HOME (/) ABOUT US (/ABOUTUS-8.HTML)
RESEARCH EXPERTS (/RESEARCHLEADERSHIP.ASP)
BRIEFINGS (/ANALYSTBRIEFINGS.HTML) CAREERS
(/CAREER.ASP) CONTACT US (/CONTACTUS.ASP)
()
Click on image to enlarge
Scope of the Report
Report Metric
Details
Market size available for years
20192028
Base year considered
2022
Forecast period
2023-2028
Forecast units
Value (USD Million)
Type, Application, Frequency, Communication
Medium, Platform, and Region
Segments covered
Geographies covered
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East
and Rest of the World
Northrop Grumman Corporation (US), Thales Group
(France), L3Harris Technologies, Inc. (US), RTX
Corporation (US), and CAES System LLC (US) and
many more.
Companies covered
Military Transmit and Receive Module Market
Highlights
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
8
orizes military transmit and receive module
market based on Type, Application, mmunication,
Platform, and Region.
This research report categ Frequency, Medium of Co
Segment
Subsegment
(/)
LEADERSHGIPaTllEiuAmMS(i/NgLnEitAIrniDd(EheRttSpHs
I/P/wTEwAwM.m.AaSrkPe)tsandmarkets.com/signin.asp
)
HOBMyE T(/)ypAeBOUT US (/ABOUTUS-8.HTML)
RESEARCH EXPERTS (/RESEARCHLEADERSHIP.ASP)
GBaRlIlEiuFImNGAS r(/sAeNnAiLdYeSTBRIEFINGS.HTML)
CONTACT US (/CONTACTUOS.AthSeP)r Types
CAREERS (/CAREER.ASP)
Radar Communication Electronic Warfare Other
Applications
By Application
Single-band HF/VHF/UHF (gt 1 GHz) L (1-2 GHz) S
(2-4 GHz) C (4-8 GHz) X (8-12 GHz) Ku/K/Ka (12-40
GHz) Multi-band
By Frequency
Optical RF Hybrid
By Communication Medium
Land Naval Airborne Space
By Platform
North America Europe Asia Pacific Middle
East Rest of the World
By Region
Recent Developments In September 2023, The US DoD
awarded Northrop Grumman two radar contracts,
enhancing air defense and electronic warfare
capabilities. In November 2023, SIGEN (a
consortium between Elettronica Group (Rome) and
Thales) and Naviris signed a contract for the
modernization of electronic warfare (EW) systems.
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
9
3Harris Technologies won a contract from the US
Navy to continue developing o modernize EW
capabilities on F/A-18 aircraft, enhancing pilot
protection against threats. In November 2023,
Raytheon, an RTX business, has been awarded a
four-year contract from DARPA to increase the
electronic capability of RF sensors with
high-power-density GaN transistors. The improved
In November 2023, L advanced systems t emerging
and future
(/)
HOME (/)traAnBsOisUtToUrSs (w/AiBllOhUaTUvSe-81.H6
TMtiLm) eLsEhAiDgEhReSrHIoPuTtEpAuMtS(pi/gLonEwAIn
De(EhrRtttSphHsaI/P/nwTEwtrAwaM.md.AiatSrikoPen)t
saalnGdmaaNrkewtsi.tchomn/soiginninc.raespa)se in
operating RESEARtCeHmEpXePEraRtTuSr(e/R.ESEARCHLEA
DERSHIP.ASP) BRIEFINGS (/ANALYSTBRIEFINGS.HTML) C
AREERS (/CAREER.ASP) CONTACT US
(/CONTACTUS.ASP)
Key Questions Addressed by the Report
What is the current size of Military transmit and receive module market?
What are the key sustainability strategies adopted by leading players operating in the military transmit and receive module market?
What factors support Military transmit and receive module market growth during the forecast period?
Which region is expected to hold the highest
market share in the Military transmit and receive
module market? Who are the leading players in
the Military transmit and receive module
market? To speak to our analyst for a
discussion on the above findings, click Speak to
Analyst (https//www.marketsandmarkets.com/speakto
analystNew.asp?id245076574) Custom Market
Research Services We will customize the research
for you, in case the report listed above does not
meet with your exact requirements. Our custom
research will comprehensively cover the business
information you require to help you arrive at
strategic and profitable business decisions.
(/requestCustomizationNew.asp?id245076574)
Get recent trends delivered to your
inbox Overtake your competition with ease.
STAY TUNED (/PRACTICES/STAY-TUNED.ASP)
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
10
REPORT CODE AS 8897
(/)
LEADERSHIP TEAMS(i/gLnEAInD(EhRttSpHsI/P/wTEwAwM.
m.AaSrkPe)tsandmarkets.com/signin.asp)
HOME (/) ABOUT US (/ABOUTUS-8.HTML)
RESEARCH EXPERTS (/RESEARCHLEADERSHIP.ASP)
BRIEFINGS (/ANALYSTBRIEFINGS.HTML) CAREERS
(/CAREER.ASP) CONTACT US (/CONTACTUS.ASP)
CHOOSE LICENSE TYPE Single User - 4950
Corporate License - 8150
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
11
PUBLISHED ON DEC, 2023
(/)
BUY NOW (/PurcRhEaQseU/EpSuTrcFhRaEsEeS_AreMpPoLrE
tNReEwP.OaRsTp?(/irdequ2e4s5ts0a7m6p5le7N4e)w.asp
?id245076574)
LEADERSHIP TEAMS(i/gLnEAInD(EhRttSpHsI/P/wTEwAwM.
m.AaSrkPe)tsandmarkets.com/signin.asp)
HOME (/) ABOUT US (/ABOUTUS-8.HTML)
RESEARCH EXPERTS (/RESEARCHLEADERSHIP.ASP)
BRIEFINGS (/ANALYSTBRIEFINGS.HTML)
COInNqTuAiCreT BUSef(o/CreONBTuAyCiTnUgS.AS(P/E)
nquiry_Before_BuyingNew.asp?id245076574)
CAREERS (/CAREER.ASP)
(mailtosales_at_marketsandmarkets.com) SHARE (https
//www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?uhttps//ww
w.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-
Reports/military-transmit-receive-module-market-24
5076574.html) (https//x.com/share?urlhttps//ww
w.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/military-tr
ansmit- receive-module-market-245076574.html) (h
ttps//www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?minitrueurl
https//www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-
Reports/military-transmit-receive-module-market-24
5076574.html) X (/requestCustomizationNew.asp?id
245076574)
(/speaktoanalystNew.asp?id245076574)
Speak to Analyst
OR FACE-TO-FACE MEETING
PERSONALIZE THIS RESEARCH Triangulate with your
Own Data Get Data as per your Format and
Definition Gain a Deeper Dive on a Specific
Application, Geography, Customer or Competitor
Any level of Personalization REQUEST A FREE
CUSTOMIZATION (/requestCustomizationNew.asp?id245
076574)
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).
12
LET US HELP YOU!
What are the Known and Unknown Adjacencies
Impacting the Military Transmit and Receive Module
(/)
Market HOME (/)WAhBaOt UwTiUllSy(o/AuBrONUTeUwS-8R
.HeTvMeLn) uLeESADoEuRrScHeIPs TbEeA?MS(i/gLnEAInD
(EhRttSpHsI/P/wTEwAwM.m.AaSrkPe)tsandmarkets.com/
signin.asp)
RESEARCH EXPERTS (/RESEARCHLEADERSHIP.ASP)
BRIEFINGS (/ANALYSTBRIEFINGS.HTML) CAREERWS
(h/CoARwEiEllRb.AeSPy)ouCrOTNoTApCCT
uUSst(o/CmONeTrA CwTUhSa.tASwPi)ll make them
switch? Defend your Market Share or Win
Competitors Get a Scorecard for Target
Partners CUSTOMIZED WORKSHOP REQUEST
(/FreeWorkshop.asp?id245076574)
1-888-600-6441 (Corporate office hours)
1-888-600-6441 (US/Can toll free)
Call Us
44-800-368-9399 (UK office hours)
CONNECT WITH US
(https(h//twTtpowps(wMh//.tawltripnkwsek(twhe/R
/.tdtftewapipncsoi.t(rectht/esob/tbrt(mo.p/lctoos
/o(gcpkhm/-o./mtmwtm/opamawrmspkrawaek/rt/pne.-k
wmrayteesw/gpatmasoewrnrmkast.sdey/ra.Mmaktorsseuk
apatet)srnutkadsben)meCttd-s.oacm.ncrofkeoamremrek
t/nsc)ec.hetcsaso)n(m/nco/efnelf/eeUrdeCnsFc/ef2es
T.ehjdtAmsyl.)2xmgyPl)EreNssMRNelekads2eQs
(v/prrIe6sgs)-release-2.html) ReSsieteaMracph(-/s
itemap.html) XML (/sitemap.xml) Feeds
(/feeds/feeds.xml) Blog (https//blog.marketsandma
rkets.com/) ReCpaorrete/1rs7(1/C9a1re9e7r.6as6p1)
73N3e2w1R) eports (/new-reports.asp) Research
Insight (/Research-Insight.html) Disclaimer
(/Disclaimer.asp) Privacy Policy
(/Privacy-12.html) Terms and Conditions
(/Terms-13.html) 2024 MarketsandMarkets Research
Private Ltd. All rights reserved ABOUT TRUST
ONLINE
(https//www.dmca.com/Protection/Status.aspx?ID51
2a6ded-1d0f-4215-a661- d50c1031e201refurlhttp/
/localhost34409/webpageToPdf_e9f4928ddcb4e454e2c0
85078b8faea5_7126327862656803581.html) Website
Feedback
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By
continuing to visit this site you agree to our
use of cookies . More info (https//www.marketsand
markets.com/Privacy-12.html).