The Role of Immunohistochemistry in Cancer Diagnosis: A Step-by-Step Protocol

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The Role of Immunohistochemistry in Cancer
Diagnosis A Step-by-Step Protocol
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Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential
technique in cancer diagnosis, providing crucial
insights into the molecular characteristics of
tumors. This powerful tool helps pathologists
identify specific antigens in tissue samples,
offering precise information that guides
treatment decisions.
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Immunohistochemistry Protocol A Detailed
Overview The IHC protocol begins with the
preparation of tissue sections, typically from a
biopsy. These sections are carefully mounted on
glass slides and fixed to preserve the cellular
structure. Following fixation, the tissue is
treated with a blocking solution to prevent
non-specific binding of antibodies, ensuring that
the staining is accurate and specific. Next, the
primary antibody is applied. This antibody is
designed to bind specifically to the antigen of
interest, such as a cancer-related protein. After
incubation, a secondary antibody, which is linked
to a detectable marker (often an enzyme or a
fluorescent dye), is added. This secondary
antibody binds to the primary antibody,
amplifying the signal.
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The final step in the immunohistochemistry
protocol involves the visualization of the
antigen-antibody complex. This is typically
achieved through the application of a substrate
that reacts with the marker on the secondary
antibody, producing a visible color change in the
tissue. Pathologists then examine the stained
slides under a microscope, identifying the
presence and intensity of the antigen.
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Immunohistochemistry in Cancer Diagnosis In
cancer diagnosis, immunohistochemistry is
invaluable. It allows for the detection of
specific cancer markers, such as HER2 in breast
cancer or PD-L1 in lung cancer. These markers
provide vital information about the type of
cancer and its likely behavior, enabling tailored
treatment strategies. By following a meticulous
immunohistochemistry protocol, pathologists can
deliver accurate and detailed cancer diagnoses,
significantly improving patient outcomes.
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