Overview of Indian Pelagic Fisheries

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PELAGIC FISHERY RESOURCES OF INDIA
OVIYA ANANTHI SARAVANAN B.F.Sc IInd Year
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introduction

• The pelagic resources consistently constituted
  over half of the total marine fish landings.
  
• Major contributors to the pelagic landings are
  sardines, mackerels, tunas, carangids, ribbon
  fishes, Bombay duck, codlets, billfshes and
  barracudas.
• The pelagic fishes comprise the smaller-sized
  fishes with a maximum length of 35 cm or less and
  the large-sized fishes which attain a total
  length of 2- 3 m and more.

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• The small pelagic fishes attain a maximum length
  of not more than 35 cm and form huge
  concentrations in the highly productive coastal
  upwelling areas of the continental.
• The pelagic fishes play a crucial role in the
  marine ecosystem, functioning as both prey and
  predator.

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• Furthermore, the small pelagic fishes serve as
  sources of protein-rich food for coastal
  populations, and the large pelagic species
  command lucrative market prices both in the
  domestic and export markets.
• Along the Indian coast, the west coast and east
  coast contributes 60 and 40 to the total
  pelagic fish landings, respectively.

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CARANGIDS
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Source Commercial pelagic fish in India
http//www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/fishery/commercial
20fish_india.pdf
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• Common crafts used Coracles, catamarans,
  dinghies, and country boats.
• Common gears used Purse Seines, Gillnets,Trawl
  Nets (Midwater Trawls),Hooks and Lines, Pole and
  Lines.

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Habitat

• Epipelagic Zone (0200m) Surface waters rich in
  sunlight home to sardines, mackerels, and tunas.
• Coastal Waters Nearshore areas for small
  pelagics like anchovies and herrings.
• Open Oceans Oceanic zones for larger species
  like tunas, marlin, and swordfish.
• Tropical, Temperate, and Polar Waters Species
  vary by water temperature (e.g., skipjack in
  tropics, herring in temperate regions).

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Distribution

• West Coast (Arabian Sea) High productivity due to
  monsoonal upwelling. Major landing centers Keral
  a, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa.
  Common species Oil sardines, Indian mackerels,
  tunas, and ribbonfish.

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• East Coast (Bay of Bengal) Less productive than t
  he west coast but significant. Major landing cente
  rs Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha.
  Common species Hilsa, anchovies, Indian
  mackerels, and flying fish.

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• Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay Rich in small pelagic
  species. Common species Anchovies, sardines, and
  mackerels.
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands Abundant pelagic fish
  due to pristine waters. Common species Tunas, ba
  rracudas, and flying fish.

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• Lakshadweep Islands Tuna fisheries dominate, esp
  ecially skipjack and yellowfin tunas.
  Pole-and-line fishing is prevalent.
• Seasonal Patterns
• Southwest Monsoon Boosts productivity along the
  west coast.
• Northeast Monsoon Enhances fisheries along the
  east coast.

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PELAGIC LANDINGS-2019
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PRODUCTION ANALYSIS FOR THE YEAR 2019(Group-wise)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION( in tonnes)
CLUPEOIDS 634364
BOMBAY DUCK 117213
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 5838
FLYING FISHES 1989
RIBBON FISHES 218736
CARANGIDS 266621
MACKERELS 165226
SEER FISHES 46326
TUNNIES 108390
BILL FISHES 14765
BARRACUDAS 34010
MULLETS 14437
UNICORN COD 92
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Contribution To the total pelagic and marine fish
landings (2019)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION ( in tonnes) CONTRIBUTION TO PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN ) CONTRIBUTION TO MARINE LANDINGS(IN )
CLUPEOIDS 634364 38.97 17.81
BOMBAY DUCK 117213 7.12 3.29
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 5838 0.36 0.16
FLYING FISHES 1989 0.12 0.06
RIBBON FISHES 218736 13.44 6.14
CARANGIDS 266621 16.38 7.49
MACKERELS 165226 10.15 4.64
SEER FISHES 46326 2.85 1.30
TUNNIES 108390 6.66 3.04
BILL FISHES 14765 0.91 0.41
BARRACUDAS 34010 2.09 0.95
MULLETS 14437 0.89 0.41
UNICORN COD 92 0.005 0.002
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POSITION BASED ON THE PREVIOUS DATA
1. CLUPEOIDS
2. CARANGIDS
3. RIBBON FISHES
4. MACKERELS
5. BOMBAY DUCK
6. TUNNIES
7. SEER FISHES
8.BARRACUDAS
9. BILL FISHES
10.MULLETS
11. HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS
12. FLYING FISHES
13. UNICORN COD
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EStimated pelagic fish landings ( In tonnes) in
India 2019
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INTERPRETATION FOR THE PELAGIC LANDINGS(2019)
BASED ON THE PELAGIC FISHERY RESOURCES SURVEY,
ASSESSMENT AND REASEARCH PROJECTS(2018-2019)

• The estimated marine fish landings from all the
  maritime states and two union territories in the
  main land of India for the year 2019 is 3.56
  million tonnes showing an increase of 2.1 in
  comparison to landings in 2018 (3.49 million
  tonnes).
• The total pelagic landings was 1.69 million
  tonnes (48) tonnes and an average of 125231.31
  tonnes.

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The highest setback is for the Indian mackerel
(Rastrelliger kanagurta) with huge reduction in
its landings to the tune of 1.18 lakh tonnes at
national level. Indian oil sardine (Sardinella lo
ngiceps) which used to be topmost contributor to
the Indias marine fish basket continued
reduction in landings with 6 decrease compared
to 2018. REASON The year 2019 was very unusual
for the Indian coast with almost 8 cyclonic
storms in and around India of which 6 turned out
to be severe cyclones Fani in April, Vayu in
June, Hika in September, Kyarr in October, Maha
in Oct-Nov and Bulbul in Oct-Nov which adversely
affected fishing calendar days especially in the
west coast. Source Marine Fish Landings In
India(2019)
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All India landings of Major Resources (in lakh
tonnes)
The second highest landings is 2.19 lakh tonnes
of Ribbon fishes followed by Anchovies(1.95 lakh
tonnes), lesser sardines (1.71 lak tonnes,
Indian mackerel (1.62 lakh tonnes), threadfin
breams(1.53 lakh tonnes) and oil sardine (1.45
lakh tonnes). Reason The ribbon fish became
the important by- catch and available cheap in
the market increasing the demand domestically
which resulted in high catch and production in
comparison to clupeoids. Source Article on
Current status of Ribbon Fishes in India by Anab
Basu(2019).
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Assemblage of different marine fisheries on the
whole(in )

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Sector-wise pelagic and marine landings(2019)
SECTORS PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( in tonnes) 48 MARINE LANDINGS( in million tonnes)
MECHANIZED 1430400 2.98
MOTORIZED 62400 0.13
NON-MOTORIZED 14400 0.03
TOTAL 1690234 3.56
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Sector wise marine landings (2019)
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Region wise pelagic and marine landings (2019)
REGION PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( in million tonnes) 48 MARINE LANDINGS( in million tonnes)
SOUTH WEST 0.52 1.08
SOUTH EAST 0.82 1.7
NORTH WEST 0.51 1.06
NORTH EAST 0.17 0.35
TOTAL 2.01 4.19
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Quarter wise pelagic and marine landings(2019)
QUARTER RANGE PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION (in million tonnes) 48 MARINE LANDINGS ( in million tonnes)
OCTOBER-DECEMBER 0.58 1.21
JANUARY-MARCH 0.47 0.97
JULY SEPTEMBER 0.36 0.76
APRIL - JUN 0.29 0.61
TOTAL 1.70 3.55
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Quarter wise marine landings (2019)
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State wise pelagic and marine fish landings of
2019 (in tonnes and in )
STATES TOTAL MARINE LANDINGS(IN LAKH TONNES) TOTAL PELAGIC FISH LANDINGS (IN LAKH TONNES) CONTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN )
TAMIL NADU 7.75 4.26 52
GUJARAT 7.49 2.1 40
KERALA 5.44 2.88 53
KARNATAKA 5.01 1.6 32
ANDHRA PRADESH 2.59 1.37 52
WEST BENGAL 2.49 0.8 55
MAHARASHTRA 2.01 0.58 40
DAMAN AND DIU 1.12 0.53 52
ODISHA 1.02 0.37 52
PUDUCHERRY 0.37 0.13 35
GOA 0.33 0.23 72
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STATES MAJOR PELAGIC FISH RESOURCES (Landings in 000 tonnes)
TAMIL NADU Lesser sardines, oil sardine
GUJARAT Ribbon fishes, Bombay duck
KERALA Anchovies, oil sardines, Indian mackerel
KARNATAKA Scads, Indian mackerel
ANDHRA PRADESH Lesser sardines, Indian mackerel, Tunnies, Anchovies
WEST BENGAL Anchovies, Bombay duck
MAHARASHTRA Bombay duck
DAMAN AND DIU Ribbon fishes
ODISHA White sardines, Anchovies
PUDUCHERRY Scads, Seer fishes
GOA Indian mackerel, Lesser sardines, Tunnies, Horse mackerel
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• WEST BENGAL
• Hilsa shad continued its declining trend with
  11,307 tonnes positioning itself at the sixth
  place.
• Reason The decline of Hilsa fisheries in West
  Bengal during 2019 is primarily attributed to
  overfishing, particularly by mechanized trawlers
  catching juvenile fish, combined with
  environmental factors like river siltation,
  pollution, and the construction of dams and
  barrages that obstruct the Hilsas migration
  route, hindering their breeding process all
  leading to a significant decrease in the fish
  population.
• Source Hilsa fisheries in India a
  socio-economic analysis of fishers in deltaic
  Ganga region of river Hooghly by Hena
  Chakrabort, Piyashi Deb Roy, Arghya Kunui,
  Saurav Kumar Nandy, Chayna Jana, Amiya Kumar
  Sahoo, Basanta Kumar Das and A news article from
  IndiaToday.

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• ODISHA
• An unusual increase in White sardine landings n
  the state was noticed as compared to previous
  years.
• Reason The fishery has gained importance in
  recent years due to its huge demand in domestic
  markets. The white sardine gained importance due
  to its taste, and high demand in domestic markets
  as compared to the oil sardine.

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• Source Preliminary observation on the
  sustainability of white sardine, Escualosa
  thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847), exploited from
  the central west coast of India by Udai R.
  Gurjar, Suman Takar, Milind S. Sawant, Ravindra
  A. Pawar, Vivek H. Nirmale, Anil S. Pawase,
  Sushanta K. Chakraborty, Karan K. Ramteke
  Tarachand Kumawat. The landings of Hilsa shad co
  ntinued its decline in 2019 also.
  A decrease of 75.6, 76.2, 32.0 and 38.9 was
  observed in landings of Indian mackerel, Lesser
  sardines, Bombayduck and Ribbon fishes in 2019
  respectively.

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• ANDHRA PRADESH
• There was a reduction in the landings of Ribbon
  fishes .
• Reason There was a slight decrease in the number
  of units operated and in actual fishing hours
  with increased catch per unit (CPU) and catch per
  hour (CPH).
• There was a drop in the number of fishing days
  due to Fani cyclone during the months of April
  and May.
• Source MARINE FISH LANDINGS IN INDIA(2019), Page
  No. 10.

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TAMILNADU Tamil Nadu recorded 10 increase in over
all landings this year and reached the 1st
position in the list of marine fish contributing
states and its contribution to all India landings
was 21.8. Even though the landings of lesser sard
ine reduced in 2019, huge increase in oil sardine
landings was seen (63,400 tonnes).
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Reason In 2019, Tamil Nadu saw a significant
increase in oil sardine production primarily due
to favorable environmental conditions like colder
temperatures and intense upwelling, which led to
nutrient-rich waters, promoting phytoplankton
growth and ultimately providing a plentiful food
source for the oil sardine population this
resulted in a higher catch compared to previous
years. Source Climate impacts on the landings of
Indian oil sardine over the south-eastern
Arabian Sea by Faseela Hamza, Vinu Valsala, Anju
Mallissery, Grison George.
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• KERALA
• Oil sardine, the most important species of the
  state registered the lowest catch in last two
  decades.
• Reason In addition to the declining trend of
  common resources which were once prevalent in the
  region, unusual formations of frequent cyclones
  occurred in Arabian Sea was also one of the
  reasons for the reduced landings.
• Source Marine Fish Landings in India, Pg No. 11

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Interpretation

• The contribution of the pelagic landings varies
  from state to state.
• States with high contribution may have high
  pelagic landings even when their total marine
  landings were less in comparison to the other
  states with high total marine landings.
• Source MARINE FISH LANDINGS IN INDIA 2019.

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• Reason
• 1. Tamil Nadu Extensive coastline (1,000 km),
  rich marine resources, and a large mechanized
  fishing fleet with strong infrastructure for
  processing and storage.
• 2.Kerala Rich biodiversity along 590 km of
  coastline, a balanced fishing fleet, and robust
  infrastructure for fish processing and exports.
• 3.Gujarat Longest coastline (1,600 km),
  investment in modern fishing technology, and a
  growing seafood export market.
• Source Indias marine fish landings rise 15.6
  rise in 2019 Report, (June 30, 2020) by Economic
  Division of India(EDI).

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TAMIL NADU
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KERALA
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GUJArat
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PELAGIC LANDINGS-2020
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PRODUCTION ANALYSIS FOR THE YEAR 2020(Group-wise)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION( in tonnes)
CLUPEOIDS 540289
BOMBAY DUCK 79178
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 4356
FLYING FISHES 406
RIBBON FISHES 143711
CARANGIDS 258426
MACKERELS 181072
SEER FISHES 37459
TUNNIES 70214
BILL FISHES 37624
BARRACUDAS 37624
MULLETS 8657
UNICORN COD 11
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Graph
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Contribution To the total pelagic and marine fish
landings (2020)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION (in tonnes) CONTRIBUTION TO PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN ) CONTRIBUTION TO MARINE LANDINGS(IN )
CLUPEOIDS 540289 39.47 19.81
BOMBAY DUCK 79178 5.78 2.90
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 4356 0.32 0.16
FLYING FISHES 406 0.03 0.01
RIBBON FISHES 143711 10.5 5.27
CARANGIDS 258426 18.88 9.48
MACKERELS 181072 13.23 6.64
SEER FISHES 37459 2.74 1.37
TUNNIES 70214 5.13 2.57
BILL FISHES 7532 0.55 0.28
BARRACUDAS 37624 2.75 1.38
MULLETS 8657 0.63 0.32
UNICORN COD 11 0 0
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POSITION BASED ON THE PREVIOUS DATA(2020)
1. CLUPEOIDS
2. CARANGIDS
3. MACKERELS
4. RIBBON FISHES
5. BOMBAY DUCK
6. TUNNIES
7. BARRACUDAS
8.SEER FISHES
9. BILL FISHES
10.MULLETS
11. HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS
12. FLYING FISHES
13. UNICORN COD
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Estimated pelagic fish landings ( In tonnes) in
India 2019
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INTERPRETATION FOR THE PELAGIC LANDINGS(2019)
BASED ON THE Annual report (2020-21) By fishery
survey of india

• The total pelagic landings is 1.47 million tonnes
  and an average of 105302.69 tonnes.
• The estimated marine fish landings from Indias
  mainland coast for 2020 is 2.73 million tonnes,
  down from 3.56 million tonnes in 2019, a drop of
  roughly 23.45.
• Major marine fishery resources in 2020 landings
  are, Lesser sardines 2.16 lakh
• tonnes accounting for 7.91 of the national
  total, Indian mackerel 1.80 lakh tonnes with
  6.61, Anchovies 1.45 lakh tonnes with 5.31
  contribution.

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• The landings of Oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps
  ) moved to the 10th position with only 0.83 lakh
  tonnes in 2020 (3.05 of national total).
• Compared to 2019, the major setback was for Oil
  sardine and Ribbonfishes with a reduction of
  42.76 and 34.30 respectively. The major gainers
  are Lesser sardines, Scads and Indian mackerel
  with an increase in landings by 26.65, 16.22
  and 11.27 respectively.

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• Reason COVID-19 lockdown resulted in a
  considerable reduction in the number of fishing
  days in March, April, and May, while cyclones
  (Amphan in May and Nivar in November)
  significantly reduced the number of fishing days
  in some states. Source Marine Fish Landings in I
  ndia 2020

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Major five species/groups with their contribution
( in lakh tonnes) towards total marine fish
landings in India (2019 2020)
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Interpretation for the Former data

• Major marine fishery resources in 2020 landings
  are, Lesser sardines 2.16 lakh tonnes accounting
  for 7.91 of the national total (1.70 lakh tonnes
  with 4.78 contribution in 2019), Indian mackerel
  1.80 lakh tonnes with 6.61 contribution (1.62
  lakh tonnes and 4.55 in 2019), Anchovies 1.45
  lakh tonnes with 5.31, Ribbonfishes 1.44 lakh
  tonnes with 5.27 (2.19 lakh tonnes and 6.14 in
  2019).

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• The Oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) which used
  to be at the first position a few years ago moved
  to the 10th position with only 0.83 lakh tonnes
  as the landings in 2020 (3.05 of national
  total).
• Among the major 10 resources, compared to the
  landings in 2019, the reduction percentage was
  42.76 for Oil sardine and 34.30 for
  Ribbonfishes whereas Lesser sardines, Scads and
  Indian mackerel landings showed increase by
  26.65, 16.22 and 11.27 respectively.

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• Reason Beyond the 2020 lockdown, increased
  pelagic landings of Indian mackerel, lesser
  sardines, and scads can be attributed to factors
  like modernized fishing techniques with advanced
  vessels and gear, improved understanding of fish
  migration patterns, better resource management
  practices, favorable oceanographic conditions
  like upwelling events, and increased monitoring
  and data collection which allows fishermen to
  optimize their fishing operations based on fish
  stock availability.
• SourceCURRENT STATUS OF INDIAN MARINE FISHERIES
  PRODUCTION-2020 AND THEIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
  by Dr. Ashish Sahu and Dr. Mahender Singh,
  CMFRI, Kochi and ICAR-National Bureau of Fish
  Genetic Resources, Uttar Pradesh.

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Assemblage of PELAGIC fisheries on the whole(in
)

• Assemblage wise percentage contribution was
  Pelagic 54.
• Reason Purchasing power had reduced for many
  people, and this may lead to consumers purchasing
  more cheap products like small pelagics in
  comparison to demersal, crustaceans and molluscs.
  
• Source Information and Analysis on Markets and
  Trade of Pelagic Fisheries and Aquaculture
  Products in India, FAO GLOBEFISH(08/07/2020)

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Assemblage of different marine fisheries on the
whole(in )
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Sector-wise pelagic and marine landings(2020)
SECTORS PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( In million tonnes) 54 MARINE LANDINGS( in million tonnes)
MECHANIZED 1.22 2.26
MOTORIZED 0.24 0.44
NON-MOTORIZED 0.016 0.03
TOTAL 1.47 2.73
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Sector wise marine landings (2020)
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Region wise pelagic and marine landings (2020)
REGION PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( in lakh tonnes) 54 MARINE LANDINGS( in lakh tonnes)
SOUTH WEST 4.28 7.93
SOUTH EAST 4.25 7.87
NORTH WEST 3.84 7.11
NORTH EAST 2.35 4.35
TOTAL 14.72 27.26
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Region wise marine landings (2020)
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Quarter wise pelagic and marine landings(2020)

• The data wasnt given in the marine landings
  report of 2020 rather only the overall
  contribution by each quarter to the total marine
  landings as percentage was mentioned.
• With this, the quarter wise contribution to the
  total pelagic landings have been approximately
  calculated.

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QUARTER RANGE PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION (in million tonnes) 54 MARINE LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION ( in ) Approx. TOTAL MARINE LANDINGS(in million tonnes)
OCTOBER-DECEMBER 0.590 40 1.092
JANUARY-MARCH 0.457 31 0.846
JULY SEPTEMBER 0.339 23 0.628
APRIL - JUN 0.089 6 0.164
TOTAL 1.475 - 2.73
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Quarter wise marine landings(2020)
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State wise pelagic and marine fish landings of
2020 (in tonnes and in )
STATES TOTAL MARINE LANDINGS(IN LAKH TONNES) TOTAL PELAGIC FISH LANDINGS (IN LAKH TONNES) CONTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN )
TAMIL NADU 5.59 3.35 60
GUJARAT 5.32 2.13 40
KARNATAKA 3.75 2.03 54
KERALA 3.61 2.31 64
WEST BENGAL 2.6 1.27 49
ANDHRA PRADESH 1.94 1.34 69
ODISHA 1.75 0.79 45
MAHARASHTRA 1.4 0.71 51
GOA 0.57 0.5 89
DAMAN AND DIU 0.39 0.13 33
PUDUCHERRY 0.34 0.16 48
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Graph
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STATES MAJOR PELAGIC FISH RESOURCES (Landings in 000 tonnes)
TAMIL NADU Lesser sardines, oil sardine, Indian mackerel
GUJARAT Ribbon fishes, Bombay duck
KERALA Anchovies, lesser sardines, Indian mackerel, Scads
KARNATAKA Lesser sardines, Indian mackerel
ANDHRA PRADESH Lesser sardines, Indian mackerel, Oil sardines, Anchovies
WEST BENGAL Anchovies, Bombay duck
MAHARASHTRA Bombay duck, Indian Mackerel
DAMAN AND DIU Ribbon fishes
ODISHA Lesser sardines, Anchovies
PUDUCHERRY Lesser sardines, oil sardines, Indian mackerel
GOA Indian mackerel, Scads, Tunnies, Horse mackerel
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Interpretation for State wise pelagic and marine
fish landings of 2020

• The contribution of the pelagic landings varies
  from state to state. States with high contributio
  n may have high pelagic landings even when their
  total marine landings were less in comparison to
  the other states with high total marine landings.
  

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• Pelagic species tend to have faster growth rates
  and higher reproductive capacities compared to
  demersal and cephalopods, making them more
  resilient to fishing pressures and environmental
  changes?. Thats why, the pelagic landings were
  of appreciable contribution in almost all states.
  
• These 3 cases are applicable for every year
  Marine Fish landings report.
• Source CMFRI RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS (2021-22)

81

• Tamil Nadu retained the first position amongst
  the states based on marine fish landings in India
  during the years 2019 and 2020 with 7.75 lakh
  tonnes and 5.59 lakh tonnes respectively.
• Top 3 states Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat.
• Reason
• Tamil Nadu reported the maximum number of species
  (594) in landings, followed by Kerala (449) .This
  diversity of species contributes to the high
  pelagic landings in these states.

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• Gujarats Veraval, Porbandar, and Mangrol
  harbors, and Keralas Vasai harbor, are among the
  top fishing harbors in the country.
  The coastal waters of these states are rich in
  pelagic fish species, such as oil sardine,
  mackerel, and sardine. Source Annual report of F
  ish Survey India(2020-21).

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Tamil Nadu
84
KERALA
85
GUJARAT
86
Information about THE PELAGIC LANDINGS IN THE
MENTIONED STATES available in CMFRI report(2020)

• West Bengal
• Hilsa shad continued its declining trend with
  7101 tonnes.
• Odisha
• A twofold increase in the landings of Lesser
  sardines (13094 tonnes) was observed in
  comparison to 2019.
• The landings of Hilsa shad showed a decline since
  2018, and its landing was estimated to be 1818
  tonnes in 2020.

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• Andhra Pradesh
• The major resources landed at Andhra Pradesh
  during 2020 were Oil sardine, Indian Mackerel,
  Lesser sardines and Anchovies.
• Of the total landings, 69 were Pelagic
  resources.
• Tamil Nadu
• Lesser sardine showed a 25.46 increase in
  landings, and Oil sardine showed a 58 reduction
  in marine fish landings as compared to 2019.

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• Puducherry
• Lesser sardine was the major gainer in landings.
• Lesser sardine showed an eightfold increase in
  landings in 2020, followed by Indian mackerel
  (fourfold).
• Kerala
• Oil sardine was found to be in the same declining
  trend for the last few years with a meagre catch
  of 13154 tonnes.

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• Karnataka
• Oil sardine catch continued its declining trend
  from 12396 tonnes to meagre 1065 tonnes.
• Lesser sardines showed a fourfold increase as
  compared to 2019.
• Goa
• Goa recorded 74 increase in landings, the major
  share of this increase in landings was due to the
  rise in the landings of Moon fish (Mene
  maculata), Scads, Tunnies, and Horse mackerel.

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• Maharashtra
• A decline in the landings of major species was
  observed except in the case of Indian mackerel.
• Gujarat
• No specific inference regarding the total pelagic
  landings wasnt mentioned.
• Daman and Diu
• The decline in the landings of Ribbonfishes, was
  83.5, respectively.

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PELAGIC LANDINGS2021
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PRODUCTION ANALYSIS FOR THE YEAR 2021(Group-wise)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION( in tonnes)
CLUPEOIDS 556680
BOMBAY DUCK 68721
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 5964
FLYING FISHES 407
RIBBON FISHES 141299
CARANGIDS 431224
MACKERELS 214451
SEER FISHES 36810
TUNNIES 78679
BILL FISHES 10912
BARRACUDAS 37749
MULLETS 7678
UNICORN COD 13
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Graph
95
Contribution To the total pelagic and marine fish
landings (2021)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION (in tonnes) CONTRIBUTION TO PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN ) CONTRIBUTION TO MARINE LANDINGS(IN )
CLUPEOIDS 556680 35.01 18.25
BOMBAY DUCK 68721 4.32 2.25
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 5964 0.38 0.20
FLYING FISHES 407 0.03 0.01
RIBBON FISHES 141299 8.89 4.63
CARANGIDS 431224 27.12 14.14
MACKERELS 214451 13.49 7.03
SEER FISHES 36810 2.31 1.21
TUNNIES 78679 4.95 2.58
BILL FISHES 10912 0.69 0.36
BARRACUDAS 37749 2.37 1.24
MULLETS 7678 0.48 0.25
UNICORN COD 13 0 0
96
POSITION BASED ON THE PREVIOUS DATA(2021)
1. CLUPEOIDS
2. CARANGIDS
3. MACKERELS
4. RIBBON FISHES
5. TUNNIES
6. BOMBAY DUCK
7. BARRACUDAS
8.SEER FISHES
9. BILL FISHES
10.MULLETS
11. HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS
12. FLYING FISHES
13. UNICORN COD
97
Estimated pelagic fish landings ( In tonnes) in
India 2021
98
INTERPRETATION FOR THE PELAGIC LANDINGS(2021)
BASED ON THE Annual report By fishery survey of
india

• The total pelagic landings was1.69 million
  tonnes(56) and the average landings was
  122352.85 tonnes.
• The estimated marine fish landings from all the
  maritime states and two union territories in the
  mainland of India for the year 2021 was 3.05
  million tonnes and it showed an increase of about
  11.8 compared to the landings in 2020 (2.73
  million tonnes), which was still less by 14.4 in
  comparison to the landings in 2019, the last of
  pre-pandemic years (3.56 million tonnes).

99

• Major marine fishery resources in 2021 landings
  were Lesser sardines at 2.26 lakh tonnes (7.4 of
  the national total),Scads with 2.14 lakh tonnes
  (7.0), Indian mackerel recorded 2.13 lakh tonnes
  (7.0).
• The major gainers in the landings in comparison
  to last year was Scad.
• The same trend was observed when compared to
  2019, with Non-penaeid prawns replaced by Lesser
  sardines.

100

• Reason
• Lesser Sardines Known for high reproductive
  potential, their population can quickly rebound
  if conditions are favourable.
• Indian Mackerel Migratory behaviour and
  schooling nature often lead to higher landings in
  years with conducive environmental conditions.
• Scads Increased schooling activity near coastal
  areas or fish aggregation devices (FADs) might
  have contributed to the rise in catches.
• Source
• INVESTIGATING REDUCTION FISHERIES IN PAST YEARS
  AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN INDIA (Final Report) by
  Abhilasha Sharma, Haripriya E, Meghana Teerthala,
  Dhawal Jungi, Sadhwi Sindura Behera, Sneha
  Prakasamma,Ishaan Khot, Ranjini Sen, Vijai
  Dharmamony, Naveen Namboothri.

101

• The landings of Indian Oil sardine (Sardinella
  longiceps) fell out of the top ten resources
  list, with only 0.87 lakh tonnes landed in 2021
  (2.86 of the national total).
• Reason The year 2021 witnessed a number of
  cyclonic storms in and around India, viz., Taukte
  and Yaas in May, Gulab in September, Shaheen in
  October and Jawad in December, which adversely
  affected the fishing days, apart from the
  reduction in the number of fishing days due to
  COVID-19 lockdown during the Delta wave.
• Source MARINE FISH LANDINGS IN INDIA 2021

102
Major five species/groups with their contribution
( in lakh tonnes) towards total marine fish
landings in India (2020 2021)
103
Interpretation for the Former data

• Marine fishery resources with the highest
  landings contribution in 2021 were Lesser
  sardines 2.26 lakh tonnes (7.4 of the national
  total), Scads 2.14 lakh tonnes (7.0), Indian
  mackerel 2.13 lakh tonnes (7.0), Ribbonfishes
  1.41 lakh tonnes (4.6), Anchovies 1.37 lakh
  tonnes (4.5) .
• The Indian Oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps),
  which is an iconic resource, both quantity-wise
  as well as consumer preference-wise, moved to the
  11th position with only 0.87 lakh tonnes landed
  in 2021 (2.86 of the national total).

104

• Reason Indian oil sardines are highly sensitive
  to changes in environmental conditions such as
  sea surface temperature (SST), upwelling
  intensity, and chlorophyll-a concentration, which
  impact their growth, spawning, and survival.
  Unfavorable conditions, such as high SST or
  disruptions in upwelling, likely affected their
  availability in traditional fishing areas?.
• Source Improving landings forecasts using
  environmental covariates a case study on the
  Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) in Jun
  2022 by Centre For Marine Living Resources
  Ecology Ministry Of Earth Sciences,Government Of
  India.

105

• Hilsa, yet another unique resource, showed
  declining trend compared to previous years.
• Reason The construction of dams and barrages in
  rivers like the Ganga and Brahmaputra has
  obstructed the migratory routes of hilsa, which
  are essential for their spawning activities.
• High fishing pressure, particularly during their
  breeding season, has led to a reduction in hilsa
  populations. This includes the capture of
  juvenile fish before they can reproduce
  effectively.
• Source Indias Marine Fish Landings Decline in
  January 2021 by Dr. Joice V. Thomas, Dr. Afsal V.
  V. , NETFISH-MPEDA.

106
MAJOR FISHERY ITEMS LANDED DURING JANUARY 2021
107
Assemblage of PELAGIC fisheries on the whole(in
)

• Fish bionomic grouping-wise contributions in the
  landings in 2021, pelagic was 56
• Reason The increase in pelagic landings in 2021
  was supported by the availability of species like
  sardines and mackerel due to favorable
  environmental conditions, improved fishery
  management, and resumed fishing activities after
  COVID-19 restrictions eased.

108

• Additionally, state-wise contributions from
  Gujarat and Maharashtra, as well as
  harbor-specific landings, significantly boosted
  the total pelagic catch. Enhanced fishing efforts
  and targeted strategies in specific regions also
  played a role.
• Source Highlights of marine fish landings and
  boat arrivals at selected harbours of India in
  May 2021 by Dr. Afsal V.V. Dr. Joice V. Thomas
  , NETFISH-MPEDA

109
Assemblage of different marine fisheries on the
whole(in )
110
Sector-wise pelagic and marine landings(2021)
SECTORS PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( In million tonnes) 56 MARINE LANDINGS( in million tonnes)
MECHANIZED 1.37 2.44
MOTORIZED 0.32 0.57
NON-MOTORIZED 0.02 0.04
TOTAL 1.69 3.05
111
Sector wise marine landings (2021)
112

• In 2021, the overall catch rates of mechanized
  fishing vessels were 2,541 kg/trip and 70
  kg/hour for the motorized fishing vessels these
  were 150 kg/trip and 24 kg/hour for the
  non-mechanized fishing vessels, these were 53
  kg/trip and 26 kg/hour.
• The same data for the pelagic landings wasnt
  mentioned in the landing report, however, the
  trend observed for the marine is same for the
  total pelagic landings.

113
Region wise pelagic and marine landings (2021)
REGION PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( in lakh tonnes) 56 MARINE LANDINGS( in lakh tonnes)
SOUTH WEST 0.65 1.16
SOUTH EAST 0.45 0.81
NORTH WEST 0.43 0.77
NORTH EAST 0.18 0.32
TOTAL 1.69 3.05
114
Region wise marine landings (2021)
115
Quarter wise pelagic and marine landings(2021)
QUARTER RANGE PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION (in million tonnes)56 TOTAL MARINE LANDINGS(in million tonnes)
OCTOBER-DECEMBER 0.63 1.13
JANUARY-MARCH 0.46 0.83
JULY SEPTEMBER 0.43 0.76
APRIL - JUN 0.18 0.33
TOTAL 1.70 3.05
116
Quarter wise marine landings(2021)
117
State wise pelagic and marine fish landings of
2021 (in tonnes and in )
STATES TOTAL MARINE LANDINGS(IN LAKH TONNES) TOTAL PELAGIC FISH LANDINGS (IN LAKH TONNES) CONTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN )
GUJARAT 5.76 2.19 38
TAMIL NADU 5.62 3.43 61
KERALA 5.55 3.44 62
KARNATAKA 5.51 3.25 59
ANDHRA PRADESH 2.07 1.45 70
ODISHA 1.8 0.93 52
WEST BENGAL 1.37 0.66 48
MAHARASHTRA 1.23 0.75 61
DAMAN AND DIU 0.67 0.23 34
GOA 0.52 0.44 84
PUDUCHERRY 0.38 0.19 50
118
Graph
119
STATES MAJOR PELAGIC FISH RESOURCES (Landings in 000 tonnes)
TAMIL NADU Lesser sardines, Oil sardine, Tunnies
GUJARAT Ribbon fishes, Bombay duck, Anchovies
KERALA Lesser sardines, Indian mackerel, Scads
KARNATAKA Scads, Indian mackerel
ANDHRA PRADESH Lesser sardines, Indian mackerel, Oil sardines, Ribbon fishes
WEST BENGAL Anchovies, Bombay duck
MAHARASHTRA Horse mackerel, Indian Mackerel
DAMAN AND DIU Ribbon fishes
ODISHA Lesser sardines, Anchovies
PUDUCHERRY Lesser sardines, oil sardines, Indian mackerel
GOA Indian mackerel, Scads, Tunnies, Lesser sardines
120
Interpretation for State wise pelagic and marine
fish landings of 2021

• Although Gujarat made it to the first position
  replacing Tamil Nadu, after a gap of two years,
  with 5.76 lakh tonnes accounting for 18.9 of the
  total landings in the country, it was placed in
  4th place in total pelagic landings.
• Reason The rise in sea temperatures and the
  intensifying storms like Cyclone Biparjoy made
  fishing more challenging, leading to fewer
  successful fishing trips.

121

• Additionally, the shift in fish species migration
  patterns and changes in the marine ecosystem due
  to these environmental factors further
  contributed to lower landings?.
• Source Climate Hotspot A Warming Arabian Sea
  Risks Livelihoods Of Fishers on Gujarats Western
  Coast by Mithilesh Dhar Dubey(Indiaspend.com)

122
Top 3 pelagic landing states Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka. Reason 1. Kerala The states high
landings were driven by consistent fishing for
species like oil sardines and mackerels, aided by
favourable monsoon conditions and good fish
availability. 2. Tamil Nadu Increased mechanized
fishing and abundant pelagic resources, such as
scads and lesser sardines, were key contributors
to the rise in pelagic catches. The use of
advanced fishing techniques further supported the
growth.
123
3. Karnataka Improved fishing practices,
including the use of purse seines and other
mechanized vessels, led to a surge in pelagic
landings. The favorable weather and ecological
conditions played a role as well. Source
Determining target species for assessment in
multispecies and multigear fisheries insights
from an expanded CMFRI-NMFDC database by Eldho
Varghese, Somy Kuriakose, K. Sunil Mohamed, T. V.
Sathianandan, K. G. Mini, Sindhu K. Augustine, V.
Sreepriya, A. R. Reshma, C. K. Athulya and
Alphonsa Joseph
124
KERALA
125
TAMIL NADU
126
KARNaTAkA
127
Information about THE PELAGIC LANDINGS IN THE
MENTIONED STATES available in CMFRI report(2021)

• West bengal
• The landings of Hilsa shad, a popular resource of
  the state continued the declining trend with a
  catch of 5372 tonnes which is the second lowest
  estimate in a decade.
• Reason Unfavourable weather conditions continued
  to occur along the coast.
• Three cyclones had been formed where two of them
  lashed out the area during the peak fishing
  season of September to December.
• Source Marine Fish Landings in India 2021.

128

• Odisha
• The top three resources, Penaeid prawns,
  Croakers and Anchovies, accounted for one-third
  of Odishas total marine fish landings.
• A two-fold increase in landings of Indian
  mackerel and four-fold increase of Oil sardine
  was noticed compared to previous year.
• Andhra Pradesh
• Lesser sardines recorded the highest landing of
  0.43 lakh tonnes in 2021, which was also at the
  top position in 2019, whereas in 2020, Oil
  sardine recorded the highest landing of 0.31 lakh
  tonnes. Among the states where landings of Oil
  sardine were prominently reported, the state
  ranked the second position next to Tamil Nadu.

129

• Tamil Nadu
• It was the Lesser sardine that showed the highest
  landing of 0.72 lakh tonnes in 2021, the same as
  in 2020.
• The Oil sardine landings was 0.42 lakh tonnes, an
  increase by 60 from the previous year.
• Puducherry
• The Oil sardine, Indian mackerel, landings
  considerably increased in the year 2021 when
  compared to the year 2020, whereas a reduction
  was observed in the Lesser sardines.

130

• Kerala
• Lesser sardine emerged as the most abundant
  resource in Kerala waters, with a record maximum
  catch of 0.65 lakh tonnes in the last six decades
  where ( Sardinella gibbosa) was the prominent
  species in this group.
• The species which was noted for its substantial
  absence was Oil sardine which recorded a catch of
  3297 tonnes, which was the lowest since 1995.
• Karnataka
• Scads were the major resource, contributing
  nearly one-fifth of the total landings.

131

• Goa
• Oil sardine landings increased from meagre 2
  tonnes to 145 tonnes, indicating signs of
  recovery.
• Increased landings of Tunnies was observed
  compared to the last two year
• Maharashtra
• A decrease in the landings of all major species
  was observed except for Indian mackerel and Scads.

132
(No Transcript)
133
PELAGIC LANDINGS 2022
134
PRODUCTION ANALYSIS FOR THE YEAR 2022(Group-wise)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION( in tonnes)
CLUPEOIDS 1216984
BOMBAY DUCK 55342
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 6912
FLYING FISHES 745
RIBBON FISHES 226554
CARANGIDS 351978
MACKERELS 328853
SEER FISHES 43123
TUNNIES 108901
BILL FISHES 11627
BARRACUDAS 43309
MULLETS 10507
UNICORN COD 7
135
(No Transcript)
136
Contribution To the total pelagic and marine fish
landings (2022)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION (in tonnes) CONTRIBUTION TO PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN ) CONTRIBUTION TO MARINE LANDINGS(IN )
CLUPEOIDS 1216984 50.61 34.89
BOMBAY DUCK 55342 2.30 1.59
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 6912 0.29 0.20
FLYING FISHES 745 0.03 0.02
RIBBON FISHES 226554 9.42 6.49
CARANGIDS 351978 14.64 10.09
MACKERELS 328853 13.67 9.42
SEER FISHES 43123 1.79 1.24
TUNNIES 108901 4.53 3.12
BILL FISHES 11627 0.48 0.33
BARRACUDAS 43309 1.80 1.24
MULLETS 10507 0.44 0.30
UNICORN COD 7 0 0
137
POSITION BASED ON THE PREVIOUS DATA(2022)
1. CLUPEOIDS
2. CARANGIDS
3. MACKERELS
4. RIBBON FISHES
5. TUNNIES
6. BOMBAY DUCK
7. BARRACUDAS
8.SEER FISHES
9. BILL FISHES
10.MULLETS
11. HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS
12. FLYING FISHES
13. UNICORN COD
138
Estimated pelagic fish landings ( In tonnes) in
India 2022
139
INTERPRETATION FOR THE PELAGIc LANDINGS(2022)

• The total pelagic landings was 1.98 million (57)
  tonnes and average landings was 184987.85 tonnes.
  
• The estimated marine fish landings along the
  coast of the mainland of India during 2022 was
  3.49 million tonnes, showing an increase of
  14.53 compared to the landings in 2021.
• An increase of 28.02 was reported in the marine
  fish landings of 2022 compared to the COVID-19
  pandemic year 2020.

140
Major five species/groups with their contribution
( in lakh tonnes) towards total marine fish
landings in India (2021 2022)
141

• INTERPRETATION FOR THE FORMER DATA
• Marine fish resources with topmost landings in
  2022 were Indian mackerel, with a contribution of
  3.28 lakh tonnes (9.39 of the national
  total),Oil sardine with 2.51 lakh tonnes
  (7.20),Ribbon fishes, 2.27 lakh tonnes (6.49).
• Reason In contrast to the previous years, calm
  weather conditions favoured continuous fishing
  activities in 2022.
• Even though a super cyclone emerged in Bay of
  Bengal in May, the fishery was unaffected as it
  was during the period of the fishing ban.
• Source MARINE FISH LANDINGS IN INDIA 2022

142

• The year 2022 had been a comeback year of sorts
  for the Oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps), one
  of the most preferred marine fishes in India.
• The landings of the same witnessed an increase
  of 188.15 in 2022 compared to 2021 and secured
  second position among the marine resources in
  quantity landed.
• Reason In the southern districts of Maharashtra,
  phenomenal landings of Oil sardine by the gears
  that capture the shoals in mass numbers,
  increased its contribution.
• Source MARINE FISH LANDINGS IN INDIA 2022

143

• Lesser sardines, the topmost contributor for the
  past two consecutive years, dropped down to sixth
  position with a reduction of 24.89 in landings
  compared to 2021.
• Reason The decline in lesser sardine populations
  was primarily attributed to overfishing,
  particularly the use of large-scale trawling and
  the expansion of fishing gear dimensions. These
  practices have led to the capture of juvenile
  sardines, reducing the breeding stock and
  impairing the species ability to recover.
• Source Overfishing and Climate Drives Changes in
  Biology of Lesser sardines, Marine Fisheries,
  Aquaculture and Living Resources.

144
Assemblage of PELAGIC fisheries on the whole(in
)

• The estimate according to fish assemblages in
  2022 displayed that Pelagic resources contributed
  the maximum with 57.
• Reason The increased landings with the major
  contribution from Indian mackerel, Oil sardine
  and Ribbon fishes.
• Source MARINE FISH LANDINGS IN INDIA 2022

145
Assemblage of different marine fisheries on the
whole(in )
146
Sector-wise pelagic and marine landings(2022)
SECTORS PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( In million tonnes) 57 MARINE LANDINGS( in million tonnes)
MECHANIZED 1.62 2.85
MOTORIZED 0.35 0.61
NON-MOTORIZED 0.02 0.04
TOTAL 1.98 3.5
147
Interpretation for pelagic and marine
landings(2022)

• Among the three different categories of crafts
  used for fishing, mechanized fishing vessels
  accounted for 2.85 million tonnes (82.0),
  motorized fishing crafts accounted for 0.61
  million tonnes (17.0), and non-motorized fishing
  crafts accounted for only 0.04 million tonnes
  (1.0) of the total landings.
• The same data for the pelagic landings wasnt
  mentioned in the landing report, however, the
  trend observed for the marine is same for the
  total pelagic landings.

148
Sector wise marine landings (2022)
149
Region wise pelagic and marine landings (2022)
REGION MARINE LANDINGS( in million tonnes) PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( in million tonnes) 57
SOUTH WEST 1.43 0.81
SOUTH EAST 0.99 0.56
NORTH WEST 0.75 0.43
NORTH EAST 0.32 0.18
TOTAL 3.49 1.98
150

• Compared to 2021, the northwest region witnessed
  a decline in the total landings by nearly 20000
  tonnes, whereas the southwest and southeast
  regions recorded a substantial increase in the
  fish landing. The same trend is observed in the p
  elagic landings.

151
Quarter wise pelagic and marine landings(2022)
QUARTER RANGE PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION (in million tonnes)57 TOTAL MARINE LANDINGS(in million tonnes)
OCTOBER-DECEMBER 0.71 1.24
JANUARY-MARCH 0.47 0.83
JULY SEPTEMBER 0.5 0.87
APRIL - JUN 0.32 0.56
TOTAL 1.10 3.5
152
Interpretation for Quarter wise pelagic (2022)

• At 0.32 millio, the lowest landings were
  reported in April-June (second quarter).
• The same trend goes with pelagic landings.
• Reason It usually witnesses the bulk of uniform
  coastwise fishing bans.
• Source MARINE FISH LANDINGS IN INDIA 2022.

153
Quarter wise marine landings(2022)
154
State wise pelagic and marine fish landings of
2022 (in tonnes and in )
STATES TOTAL MARINE LANDINGS(IN LAKH TONNES) TOTAL PELAGIC FISH LANDINGS (IN LAKH TONNES) CONTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN )
GUJARAT 5.03 2.01 38
TAMIL NADU 7.22 4.19 58
KERALA 6.87 4.60 67
KARNATAKA 6.95 4.03 58
ANDHRA PRADESH 2.16 1.40 65
ODISHA 1.33 0.68 51
WEST BENGAL 1.90 0.91 48
MAHARASHTRA 1.70 0.99 58
DAMAN AND DIU 0.74 0.28 38
GOA 0.52 0.48 92
PUDUCHERRY 0.50 0.29 57
155
Graph
156
STATES MAJOR PELAGIC FISH RESOURCES (Landings in 000 tonnes)
TAMIL NADU Lesser sardines, Oil sardine, Tunnies
GUJARAT Ribbon fishes, Bombay duck, Anchovies
KERALA Lesser sardines, Indian mackerel, Scads
KARNATAKA Scads, Indian mackerel
ANDHRA PRADESH Lesser sardines, Indian mackerel, Oil sardines, Ribbon fishes
WEST BENGAL Anchovies, Bombay duck
MAHARASHTRA Horse mackerel, Indian Mackerel
DAMAN AND DIU Ribbon fishes
ODISHA Lesser sardines, Anchovies
PUDUCHERRY Lesser sardines, oil sardines, Indian mackerel
GOA Indian mackerel, Scads, Tunnies, Lesser sardines
157
Interpretation for State wise pelagic and marine
fish landings of 2022

• Tamil Nadu returned to the first position in fish
  landings (7.22 lakh tonnes), followed
  surprisingly by Karnataka (6.95 lakh tonnes) and
  Kerala (6.87 lakh tonnes). The Gujarat state,
  which had been occupying the top two slots during
  the previous years, appropriated the fourth
  position (5.03 lakh tonnes) in fish landings.
  These four states viz Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
  Kerala and Gujarat, accounted for 20.69, 19.90,
  19.68, and 14.40 of the national total,
  respectively.

158

• Top 3 pelagic landings state Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
  Karnataka
• Reasons
• Tamil Nadu
• Extensive coastline with diverse pelagic species.
  Advanced fishing infrastructure and harbours and
  regained top position with 7.22 lakh tonnes.

159

• Kerala Nutrient-rich upwelling zones support pela
  gic species. Use of purse seine nets enhances effi
  ciency. Managed significant landings despite sligh
  t decline. Karanataka The state has implemented m
  easures that support sustainable fishing
  practices, aiding in maintaining high pelagic
  fish stocks. Maintained high contribution to natio
  nal pelagic landings.
• Source Pelagic Fisheries of India An overview
  by Prathibha Rohit , E. M. Abdussamad, Muthu
  Rethinam

160
KERALA
161
TAMILNADU
162
KARNATAKA
163
(No Transcript)
164
PELAGIC LANDINGS 2023
165
PRODUCTION ANALYSIS FOR THE YEAR 2023(Group-wise)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION( in tonnes)
CLUPEOIDS 637656
BOMBAY DUCK 72806
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 6828
FLYING FISHES 1108
RIBBON FISHES 269616
CARANGIDS 284665
MACKERELS 343095
SEER FISHES 36530
TUNNIES 113964
BILL FISHES 12678
BARRACUDAS 35129
MULLETS 14172
UNICORN COD 84
166
Graph
167
Contribution To the total pelagic and marine fish
landings (2023)
PELAGIC FISHES PRODUCTION (in tonnes) CONTRIBUTION TO PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN ) CONTRIBUTION TO MARINE LANDINGS(IN )
CLUPEOIDS 637656 34.86 18.06
BOMBAY DUCK 72806 3.98 2.06
HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS 6828 0.37 0.19
FLYING FISHES 1108 0.06 0.03
RIBBON FISHES 269616 14.74 7.64
CARANGIDS 284665 15.57 8.06
MACKERELS 343095 18.76 9.72
SEER FISHES 36530 2.00 1.03
TUNNIES 113964 6.23 3.23
BILL FISHES 12678 0.69 0.36
BARRACUDAS 35129 1.92 0.99
MULLETS 14172 0.77 0.40
UNICORN COD 84 0 0
168
POSITION BASED ON THE PREVIOUS DATA(2023)
1. CLUPEOIDS
2. MACKERELS
3. CARANGIDS
4. RIBBON FISHES
5. TUNNIES
6. BOMBAY DUCK
7. BARRACUDAS
8.SEER FISHES
9. MULLETS
10.BILL FISHES
11. HALF BEAKS AND FULL BEAKS
12. FLYING FISHES
13. UNICORN COD
169
Estimated pelagic fish landings ( In tonnes) in
India (2023)
170
INTERPRETATION FOR THE PELAGIc LANDINGS(2023)

• The total pelagic landings was 1.93 million
  tonnes and 140640.85 tonnes. The estimated marine
  fish landings along the mainland of India in 2023
  was 3.53 million tonnes, indicating a 1.2
  increase compared to the landings in 2022.
• The fish landings increased noticeably by 15.75
  in comparison to 2021.

171

• Reason The year ICAR-CMFRI could expand its
  survey footprint to Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  (ANI) with the active support of the UTs
  Fisheries Department as per an understanding of
  joint effort to estimate landings and efforts
  akin to other maritime states resulted in the
  landings of important pelagic fisheries.
• Source MARINE FISH LANDINGS IN INDIA 2023

172
Major five species/groups with their contribution
( in lakh tonnes) towards total marine fish
landings in India (2022 2023)
173
Interpretation for the Former data

• Major marine fish resources in 2023 landings
  were, Indian mackerel 3.43 lakh tonnes accounted
  for 9.72 of the national total, Ribbon fishes
  2.70 lakh tonnes (7.64), Oil sardine 2.45 lakh
  tonnes (6.95).
• Indian mackerel retained its status as the top
  landed resource in the country, with a total of
  3.43 lakh tonnes, consistent with 2022.

174

• Reaon
• Favorable sea temperatures and salinity levels
  have supported the habitat preferences of Indian
  mackerel, promoting their abundance.
• The consistent consumer demand for Indian
  mackerel has incentivized fishers to target this
  species, contributing to its prominence in
  landings.
• Source Marine fish landing gain by 12 by V.
  Sajeev Kumar and K Gurumurthy(Pressreader.com)(23
  May 2023)

175
Assemblage of PELAGIC fisheries on the whole(in
)

• Pelagic finfishes constituted the major portion
  of the landings in 2023 with 1.93 million tonnes
  with 55 of the national total .
• Reason Same as the year 2019.

176
Assemblage of different marine fisheries on the
whole(in )
177
Sector-wise pelagic and marine landings(2023)
SECTORS PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( In million tonnes) 55 MARINE LANDINGS( in million tonnes)
MECHANIZED 1.54 2.8
MOTORIZED 0.39 0.71
NON-MOTORIZED 0.02 0.03
TOTAL 1.95 3.43
178
Sector wise marine landings (2023)
179
Region wise pelagic and marine landings (2023)
REGION PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION( in million tonnes) 55 MARINE LANDINGS( in million tonnes)
SOUTH WEST 0.715 1.3
SOUTH EAST 0.4455 0.81
NORTH WEST 0.616 1.12
NORTH EAST 0.165 0.3
TOTAL 1.94 3.53
180
Quarter wise pelagic and marine landings(2023)
QUARTER RANGE PELAGIC LANDINGS CONTRIBUTION (in million tonnes)55 TOTAL MARINE LANDINGS(in million tonnes)
OCTOBER-DECEMBER 0.86 1.29
JANUARY-MARCH 0.47 0.86
JULY SEPTEMBER 0.47 0.85
APRIL - JUN 0.29 0.53
TOTAL 2.0 3.53
181
Quarter wise marine landings(2023)
182
State wise pelagic and marine fish landings of
2023 (in tonnes and in )
STATES TOTAL MARINE LANDINGS(IN LAKH TONNES) TOTAL PELAGIC FISH LANDINGS (IN LAKH TONNES) CONTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC LANDINGS (IN )
GUJARAT 8.23 3.62 44
TAMIL NADU 5.65 2.88 51
KERALA 6.33 4.37 69
KARNATAKA 6.04 3.26 54
ANDHRA PRADESH 1.90 1.18 62
ODISHA 1.30 0.77 59
WEST BENGAL 1.73 0.85 49
MAHARASHTRA 2.11 1.29 61
DAMAN AND DIU 0.91 0.35 38
GOA 0.61 0.54 88
PUDUCHERRY 0.51 0.27 52
ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLAND 0.18 0.08 43.9
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184
STATES MAJOR PELAGIC FISH RESOURCES (Landings in 000 tonnes)
TAMIL NADU Lesser sardines, Oil sardine, Tunnies
GUJARAT Ribbon fishes, Bombay duck, Anchovies
KERALA Lesser sardines, Indian mackerel, Scads
KARNATAKA Scads, Indian mackerel
ANDHRA PRADESH Lesser sardines, Indian mackerel, Oil sardines, Ribbon fishes
WEST BENGAL Anchovies, Bombay duck
MAHARASHTRA Horse mackerel, Indian Mackerel
DAMAN AND DIU Ribbon fishes
ODISHA Lesser sardines, Anchovies
PUDUCHERRY Lesser sardines, oil sardines, Indian mackerel
GOA Indian mackerel, Scads, Tunnies, Lesser sardines
ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLAND Lesser sardines
185
Interpretation for State wise pelagic and marine
fish landings of 2022

• Gujarat, after a series of lull around the
  pandemic instance, secured the top position in
  fish landings with 8.23 lakh tonnes, constituting
  23.31 of the total landings in the country,
  followed by Kerala with 6.33 lakh tonnes and
  Karnataka with 6.04 lakh tonnes.
• ReasonThe Gujarat Fisheries Department has
  implemented policies to enhance fish production,
  such as providing subsidies for modern fishing
  equipment and promoting sustainable fishing
  practices.

186

• Gujarat boasts approximately 30,000 registered
  fishing boats, providing a substantial capacity
  for marine fishing activities.
• Source Times of India

187
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188

• Top 3 pelagic landings states Kerala, Gujarat,
  Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (4th) .
• Reason
• Kerala Kerala has consistently been a leading
  contributor to pelagic fish landings,
  particularly in species like sardines and
  mackerels.
• The states extensive coastline and favorable
  marine conditions support abundant pelagic fish
  populations.

189

• Gujarat Same reason.
• Karnataka Karnataka has also been a major
  contributor to pelagic fish landings, benefiting
  from its coastal geography and fishing practices.

190

• Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu, traditionally a leading
  state in marine fish landings, experienced a
  decline of 21.8 in 2023 compared to the previous
  year.
• Reason This decrease may be due to factors such
  as overfishing, environmental changes, or shifts
  in fishing practices, which have impacted its
  position in pelagic fish landings.
• Source Year End Review 2023 Department of
  Fisheries (Ministry of Fisheries, Animal
  Husbandry and Dairying)

191
Kerala
192
GUJARAT
193
Karnataka
194
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195
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196
Region wise reasons for the common pattern
observed-1

• The Southwest region of India contributes
  significantly to marine fisheries primarily due
  to its rich biodiversity, conducive environmental
  conditions, and productive ecosystems. The region
  is characterized by high phytoplankton
  productivity, particularly in areas like
  mudbanks, which attract fish and shellfish,
  leading to higher landings
• These conditions are enhanced by upwelling events
  that replenish nutrients, supporting an abundant
  fish population. Additionally, the region
  benefits from the calm sea during the monsoon,
  making it safer for traditional fishing during
  adverse weather conditions

197
Region wise reasons for the common pattern
observed-11

• The open access system has resulted in rapid
  increases in fishing effort, particularly in the
  coastal areas.
• On the other hand, the Northeast region
  contributes less, likely due to its relatively
  less favorable environmental conditions and
  smaller fishing areas. Factors such as lower
  pelagic fish availability, limited upwelling
  zones, and regional variations in productivity
  affect its overall contribution to Indias marine
  fisheries?
• Source Marine fisheries along the southwest
  coast of India by E. Vivekanandan, M. Srinath
• N. Rajasekharan Pillai, Sheela Immanuel, K. N.
  Kurup (Central Marine Fisheries Research
  Institute,Cochin, India

198
Quarter wise reasons for the common pattern

• In terms of quarterly trends, the highest catch
  usually occurs during the October-December
  period, with pelagic species contributing
  substantially. This is likely due to the seasonal
  migration patterns of pelagic fish, which peak in
  this quarter. . The other three quarters show var
  ying levels of contribution, with the
  January-March period also witnessing significant
  catches. This quarter sees pelagic species moving
  into more accessible fishing grounds,
  contributing further to overall landings
• Sources Marine fish landings decline in April
  amid fishing ban Marine Fish Landings Mackerel
  tops the list of highest caught fishery items
  NETFISH-MPEDA by Dr. Afsal V.V. Dr. Joice V.
  Thomas.

199
Reasons for the high pelagic contribution to the
Goa coast as observed

• The fishing industry in Goa is heavily focused on
  catching pelagic species, which are more abundant
  and economically valuable. Fishermen often use
  purse seines and ring nets that are effective in
  harvesting schooling pelagic fish, leading to a
  higher proportion of pelagic landings.

200

• Demersal fishing, which targets species near the
  seabed, is less prominent in Goa due to
  constraints like the smaller size of its fishing
  fleet, lack of advanced fishing gear, or limited
  access to deeper waters.
• Source Catch Trends in Major Marine Fisheries
  Resources of Goa by Sreekanth,G. B. Manju
  Lekshmi, N.Narendra Pratap Singh (ICAR-ICAR
  RESEARCH COMPLEX FOR GOA)

201

• Sector wise Reason The mechanized sector
  significantly contributes to marine fisheries in
  India due to its efficiency and ability to
  exploit deeper waters and wider areas compared to
  traditional and motorized sectors
  Mechanized boats, equipped with trawlers and gill
  nets, can operate in multi-day fishing
  expeditions and deeper waters.
• Source Marine fisheries sector-wise
  statistics(2018 and 2019), krishi.gov.in
  (Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare)

202
Common pattern observed in the production of the
Groups of pelagic fishes

• The clupeiods and carangids( except 2023 year)
  have been contributed majorly to the total
  pelagic landings.
• Reason Major pelagic fishes are under this group
  which are highly commercial.

203

• In 2023, Carangids were replaced by Mackerel.
• Reason In 2023, Indias marine fish landings
  data indicated that Indian mackerel
  (Rastrelliger kanagurta) accounted for 343,042
  tonnes, representing 9.72 of the national tota